Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology;
Department of Chemical Engineering;
Tsinghua University;
Beijing 100084;
China Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science;
School of Materials Science and Engineering;
Beijing Institute of Technology;
Beijing 100081;
China Department of Chemical Engineering;
Stanford University;
Stanford;
CA 94305;
USA;
Lithium metal batteries; Dead lithium; Lithium stripping; Lithium dendrite growth; Charge transfer;