核壳型铂基燃料电池催化剂制备方法与微结构控制综述

摘要

At present,the catalyst is the crucial obstacle to the massive commercialization of the fuel cells,and underscores the urgency of seeking effective methods to simultaneously decrease platinum loading amount(determining the catalyst cost)and im-prove the activity.And the core-shell nanostructures with platinum skin offers a favorable candidate route.The present review renders a retrospective summary of the fabrication methods reported in the past two decades for the core-shell structured Pt-M catalyst,in-cluding seed growth,de-alloying,electrochemical deposition,with focus on the preparation of structures with non-precious metal core (M@Pt,M = Ni,Co,Cu,Fe).Finally,we discuss prudently the precise control and design scheme for the core-shell nano-structures,and are looking forward to benefit the development and innovation of the core-shell platinum-based catalysts.%目前催化剂是制约燃料电池走向市场的关键,限制了燃料电池发展及大规模商业应用,寻求能够同时降低催化剂成本和提高催化剂性能的有效方法十分迫切.具有核壳结构的Pt-M催化剂不仅可以降低贵金属铂的用量,而且能显著提高催化活性.本文总结了近20年来核壳型Pt-M催化剂的主要制备方法,包括晶种法、去合金法、电化学沉积法等;重点分析非贵金属-铂核壳结构(M@Pt,M = Ni、Co、Cu、Fe等)的制备途径,总结了每种方法的特点.另外,还讨论了核壳结构在纳米层次上的精细控制和设计方案,这有助于理解核壳结构对电化学催化动力学的作用规律,更好地设计开发新型催化剂.