论司马迁《史记》对西汉主流忠君观念的淡漠

摘要

The concept of loyalty to monarch won support among the people in Western Han Dynasty and it was enhanced by the ideological education and the system of punishment. But in Historical Records, Sima Qian weakened the concept of loyalty and thought that the interests were the most important values for talents to choose country of allegiance, because those people who were loyal to the monarchy may have miserable endings. The paper puts forward three reasons. Firstly Sima Qian learned a lot about the fact that talents showed their loyalty to monarchy but had miserable endings. So he doubted the concept of loyalty. Secondly Sima Qian tried to seek the rationality of the surrender of Li Ling. Thirdly Sima Qian unconsciously weakened the concept of loyalty in the process, which actually showed true history.%西汉时期对君主尽己奉献、至死效忠的主流忠君观念深入人心，统治者从刑罚制度与思想教化两个方面加强对于臣民主流忠君观念的培养。作为西汉重要的史书著作《史记》，司马迁却在其中淡化了西汉主流的忠君观念，反而从字里行间中透露出一种择良国而栖、择贤主而从的君臣观念，而对于那些忠于昏聩君主的贤才能士，司马迁则以其犀利的笔锋描写了他们忠而见疑的凄惨悲剧。究其原因主要有三点：一是司马迁在写史立传过程中了解了大量忠而见疑的史实，对西汉主流的忠君观产生了些许怀疑；二是司马迁试图从《史记》创作中寻求李陵叛降的合理性，从而为自己的被罚事件寻找合理依据，是自我情感表达的方式之一；三是司马迁作为一名史官，秉笔直书真实历史的使命感与责任感，使其在忠于史实的原则下表现出对主流忠君观的淡漠。