违约金数额司法调整的适用问题

摘要

违约金可分为惩罚性违约金和补偿性违约金,不同性质的违约金功能各异,适用的法律效果也不同。对违约金约定数额的调整,应以违约造成的实际损失为基础,遵循公平和诚信原则,一般应根据当事人申请进行,但是,在特殊情形下,法院亦可依职权主动调整。在调整规则上,还应适用可预见性、减轻损害、损益相抵等限制性规则,结合当事人过错程度、合同履行情况以及当事人实际履行能力等因素综合予以考量,从而做出符合公平正义的裁判。%Liquidated damages consist of punitive damages and compensatory damages.Different liquidated damages work in different ways and have different effects.The adjustment of liquidated damages should be based on actual damages caused by breaches and subject to the principles of fairness and good faith.The adjustment usually should be done according to the parties＇ application.However,under some special circumstances,it can also be done ex parte by courts.In order to make a fair decision,predictability,damages reduction,setoff of damages and interests,faults of parties,performances of contract and capabilities of performances should all be taken into account when determining the rules of adjustment.