硅磷肥配施提高四川春玉米的氮磷钾吸收和产量

摘要

[Objectives] The effect of combined application of phosphorous fertilizer and silicon fertilizer on the N, P and K uptake and grain yield of spring maize was investigated on the low phosphorus brown purple soil in Sichuan Province in 2014 and 2015, in order to provide support for using silicon fertilizer to improve the efficiencies of fertilizers in this area.[Methods] A split plot field experiment was conducted continually in two years with two maize cultivars ZH2 and ZH115 as the main plots and fertilizer treatment as the subplots: neither Si nor P fertilizer,only Si fertilizer (SiO2 75 kg/hm2), only P fertilizer (P2O5 60 kg/hm2), both P (P2O5, 60 kg/hm2) and Si fertilizer (SiO2, 75 kg/hm2), named P0Si0, P0Si75, P60Si0 and P60Si75, respectively. The contents of soil available P in 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil depths were measured; The N, P and K uptake of plants in jointing stage,silking stage and harvest stage were determined, and the yield and yield components were investigated at harvest.[Results]There was no significant difference in N, P and K uptake of plants between the two cultivars of ZH2 and ZH115 in the two years' experiment, but the grain yield of ZH2 was significantly higher than that of ZH115 in 2014, not significant in 2015. Comparing with P0Si0, the N, P and K uptake in plant and grain yield were increased significantly under the treatment of P0Si75, P60Si0 and P60Si75, with the highest increase in P60Si75. In jointing and harvest stage, the N, P and K uptake in maize show significantly positive correlation with the contents of soil available P, and plant N uptake positively correlated with P and K uptake in plant. grain yield strongly positive correlated with N, P and K uptake in jointing stage and harvest stage. Compared to P60Si0 treatment, the uptake efficiency and partial factor productivity (average of 2014 and 2015) of N, P and K fertilizer were average increased 13.30% and 10.25%, 24.77% and 10.25%, 8.58% and 10.25% respectively. The grain yield was increased by 8.34% and 12.12% respectively in P60Si75 treatment, compared to P60Si0.[Conclusions]Combined application of Si and P fertilizer could significantly improve the P supply of soil during the whole growth stage, increase the N, P and K uptake of maize in jointing, silking and harvest stage, and increase the utilization efficiency of N, P and K fertilizers. So the technique is recommended as an effective way for increasing yield and fertilizer efficiency in the low phosphorus brown purple soil in Sichuan Province.%【目的】通过2014年和2015年两年田间定位试验，研究低磷棕紫泥土上不同硅、磷肥料组合对土壤速效磷含量、植株氮、磷和钾吸收量和利用率、产量及产量构成的影响，为利用硅肥提高该地区肥料的效应提供依据。【方法】试验采用两因素裂区设计，品种为主区，设2个品种，即正红2号和正红115；肥料组合为副区，设4种硅、磷肥组合，即：不施用磷肥和硅肥对照、单施硅(SiO2)75 kg/hm2、单施磷(P2O5)60 kg/hm2、P2O560 kg/hm2加 SiO275 kg/hm2，分别记为 P0Si0、P0Si75、P60Si0和 P60Si75。在拔节期、吐丝期和收获期取0—20 cm和20—40 cm土壤土样，测定速效磷含量，取植株样品测定氮、磷、钾吸收量、产量。【结果】两个玉米品种收获期植株氮、磷和钾吸收量四个处理间差异均不显著，2014年正红2号产量明显高于正红115，2015年两品种间产量无显著差异。与对照相比，施硅、磷以及硅、磷肥配施均能提高0—20和20—40 cm土壤速效磷含量，提高玉米植株氮、磷、钾吸收量及籽粒产量，其中以硅、磷配施处理的效果最佳。在吐丝期、收获期，植株氮、磷和钾吸收量与土壤速效磷含量呈显著正相关，植株氮、磷和钾吸收量之间亦相互呈显著正相关；此外，籽粒产量与吐丝期和收获期玉米植株氮、磷和钾吸收量之间均呈显著正相关。与单施磷肥相比，硅、磷肥配施处理氮、磷和钾肥的吸收效率和偏生产力(两年平均)分别提高13.30%和10.25%、24.77%和10.25%、8.58%和10.25%，同时两品种2014年和2015年平均产量分别提高8.34%和12.12%。【结论】低磷棕紫泥土条件下，硅、磷肥配施能显著改善土壤供磷能力，增加玉米植株对氮、磷和钾养分吸收量，提高氮、磷和钾肥利用效率及籽粒产量。