司汤达的《红与黑》是19世纪欧洲批判现实主义的奠基之作。故事主人公于连在阶级意识觉醒之后，开始了向上流社会攀爬的过程。他通过不断地学习知识、巧妙地借助社会关系，逐渐消融文化等方面的阶级屏障。而当他即将成功跻身上流社会时，却因为枪击德·雷纳夫人，以及前期培植社会流动的政治、经济、文化、符号资本阶段的疏漏，最终功亏一篑。于连的斗争和遭遇，反映了法国波旁王朝复辟时期社会流动成功的可能与不及。%Stendhal's The Red and the Black is the cornerstone of 19th century European critical realism. After his class conscious-ness awakened, the hero Julien began the process of climbing up the upper social class by continuous learning, clever use of social relations, and gradually removed cultural class barriers. And when he was about to succeed, he failed for shooting in because he shot Mme de Renal and his carelessness in developing previous social mobility in politics, economy, culture, and symbolic capital. Julien's struggles and experiences reflect the possibility and inaccessibility of successful social mobility in the French Bourbon Restoration period.
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