Department of Anesthesiology, Guang-dong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine,Guangzhou 510120, China;
Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;
Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;
tumor necrosis factor-α; astrocyte; glutamate; aspartate; naloxone; morphine;