改造经验与经验的改造：杜威论教育与民主的基础

摘要

Reorganization,reconstruction and transformation of experience is the starting place of Dewey’s educational philosophy and practice.Before coming up with the ideas of “education is the recon-struction of experience?”,Dewey had criticized three kinds of views of experience:rationalistic,empirical, and aimless.Influenced by the view of individual growth-oriented experience,Dewey de-constructed old view of experience and reconstructed his own new viewpoint of experience.His efforts include establishing the initiative of experience,recovering the purpose and rationality of experience,and establishing the sys-tem of experience.By reconstruction,experience now gains personal attributes as individual experience, and social attributes containing the spirit of social control.Therefore,by systematic and purposeful reor-ganization,reconstruction and transformation of growth-oriented experience,education can help the socie-ty to realize participatory democracy.%经验的改组与改造是杜威教育哲学与教育实践的根本落脚点。在提出“教育即经验的改造”之前，杜威检视了三种类型的经验：理性主义的经验观、经验主义的经验观和“无目的”的经验观。受建立指向个体生长的经验观信念的驱使，杜威对经验进行了改造，所做的努力主要有：确立经验的主动性、恢复经验的目的性和理性、建立经验的系统性。改造过的经验同时具有作为个人经验的个体属性和内含社会控制精神的社会属性，由此教育通过系统地、有目的地组织和改造指向生长的经验以帮助社会实现参与式民主。