莱布尼茨论“最完美国家的道德世界”--从《形而上学序论》到《单子论》

摘要

Influenced by European Enlightenment, the cultural spiritual structure of modern German presented the state of disenchantment, revealed the decline of theology and the rise of rational theology. In the context of rational theology, Leibniz’s moral philosophy is constructed on the dual dimension of theology and philosophy. At the same time, pre-established harmonious system is the theoretical cornerstone of moral philosophy of Leibniz. InMetaphysics, Leibniz first puts forward the concept of moral world, laying a preliminary sketch of the moral world. With the transition from ontology to monadology, Leibniz, inMonadology, carefully portrays the moral relationship between monads and God monad. Meanwhile, on the basis of the free spirit of monads, he constructs an ideal picture of the moral world.%受欧洲启蒙运动的影响，近代德国的文化精神结构呈现祛魅化态势，启示神学式微，理性神学兴起。在理性神学语境下，莱布尼茨最完美国家的道德世界即是在“神学信仰”与“哲学理性”的双重向度上建构的。同时，“预定和谐”体系是莱布尼茨道德哲学建构的理论基石。在《形而上学序论》中，莱布尼茨最早提出了“道德世界”概念，建构了“道德世界”的“草图”。随着“实体论”向“单子论”过渡，在《单子论》中，莱布尼茨细致地描画了单子与上帝单子之间的道德关系，与此同时，在单子精神自由状态基础上，他建构了一个理想的“道德世界”图景。