从“以行为为中心”到“以行为主体为中心”--论《理想国》中的两种伦理思路

摘要

《理想国》中两种不同的正义观代表了两种讨论伦理问题的思路。柏拉图的正义观是“以行为主体为中心”的，常识的正义观是“以行为为中心”的。分析柏拉图对常识正义观的批判，可以看到从“以行为为中心”到“以行为主体为中心”的转向是如何发生的，以及柏拉图是如何论证他的“以行为主体为中心”的思路优越于“以行为为中心”思路的。然而，柏拉图的这种“以行为主体为中心”的思路面临着一个巨大的挑战：他没有办法给出正义行为的相关标准。这两种思路在近现代的伦理学中演变为美德伦理学与规范伦理学之争。%There are two kinds of concepts of justice in Republic embodied two different ways of ethical thinking. Plato’s concept of justice was agent-centered, while the common concept of justice was act-centered. By analyzing Plato’s criticism of the general concept of justice, we can know how the change from act-centered to agent-centered has happened and how Plato justify the latter is better than the former. However, Plato’s way of ethical thinking faced an enormous challenge: he could not give the relevant standards of just actions. In modern moral philosophy, the two ways of ethical thinking has evolved into the dispute between virtue ethics and normative ethics.