拉锥光纤传感技术作为一种新兴的传感技术,在电力、石油化工、生化、航空航天、环保、国防等领域有着重要的应用价值并逐渐成为当前国际上的研究热点之一.与普通光纤相比,拉锥光纤的模场直径为微米或纳米量级,极大地增强了光在光纤中传输时的倏逝场,从而显著提高此类光纤传感器的灵敏度及响应速度,缩小了光纤传感器的尺寸,使其在传感应用中更具优势.该文分析并讨论了拉锥光纤传感器的理论基础、关键技术及相关应用.主要内容包括:1)阐述了微米光纤耦合传感器的原理、制备工艺及折射率和温度传感特性.2)讨论了单模-多模-单模及单模-拉锥多模-单模光纤结构的传感原理并实现了一种基于单模-拉锥多模-单模的高灵敏度折射率传感器.3)为拓展拉锥光纤传感器的应用范围并提高其空间分辨率,发展了一种半拉锥光纤传感器微探头.4)介绍了拉锥光纤在光通信及微操纵等方面的应用.%As a novel sensing technology,tapered optical fiber sensing technology has attracted much more attention due to its advantages in many sensing related applications,such as sensing in electricity,petrochemical industry,biochemistry,aerospace,environmental protection and national defense.Compared with the conventional optical fiber based sensors,tapered optical fiber sensing devices offer a number of outstanding optical properties,including fast response,scale in micro/nano meters,strong confinement,large evanescent field and high sensitivity.In this chapter the following parts are presented:1) the principles,fabrication process,refractive index and temperature sensing characteristics based on microfiber coupler sensors were reviewed;2) the sensing principles of singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure and singlemode-tapered multimode-singlemode (STMS) fiber structure were discussed and their applications on refractive index and temperature sensing were presented;3) a multimode interference halftapered optical fiber probe based sensors were demonstrated for temperature and refractive index sensing;4) Finally tapered optical fiber based devices can also be used for optical telecommunications and micromanipulation applications.
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