1.A worldwide history of high-speed trains High-speed railway(HSR)is defined by the International Union of Railways(UIC)as new lines with design speeds above 250 kmh1 and upgraded existing lines with speeds of up to 200 kmh1[1].In China,HSR is defined as new passenger-dedicated lines designed for electric multiple unit(EMU)trains running at a speed of 250 kmh1 or above(actual or reserved),with an initial operation speed not lower than 200 kmh1[2].The worldwide development of HSRs and high-speed EMUs can be roughly divided into three stages:initial operation,line platform expansion,and rapid development.
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