劳动力市场分割、代际职业流动与收入不平等

摘要

利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010年和2012年全国住户抽样调查数据，本文基于劳动力市场分割理论，重点考察了转型期中国劳动力市场分割与代际职业流动对收入不平等的影响。研究发现：(1)主要劳动力市场的人力资本收益明显高于次要劳动力市场，而且人力资本对次要劳动力市场的劳动者收入差异的影响极为显著；(2)利用Shapley分解及扩展的Owen分解方法测算了人力资本与其他非市场因素对劳动者收入差异的贡献率，发现主要与次要劳动力市场收入差异主要来源于人力资本特征差异，由人力资本特征不同而引起的收入差异占40.18%，有13.29%的收入差异则来源于劳动力市场分割与代际职业流动；(3)分位数回归方程分解结果显示，人力资本特征差异对收入总差异的贡献率在不同分位点上并不是均匀分布的，而是随着收入水平由低分位点向高分位点渐趋减低。由此，政策涵义在于打破阻碍城乡劳动力市场向一体化方向发展的体制性壁垒，完善职业代际流动机制；在次要劳动力市场中进一步提高拥有高人力资本的劳动力报酬，同时促进劳动力结构优化升级；而在主要劳动力市场，则需要进一步强化技能偏向、绩效本位的收入分配机制，遵循市场运行规则，提高劳动力市场资源配置效率。%Using the data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) of 2010 and 2012, this paper examined how the income inequality was influenced by labor market segmentation and intergenerational occupational mobility in economic transition period of China on the basis of labor market segmentation theory. The results showed that:(1) Returns from human capital in the primary labor market was significantly higher than those of the secondary labor market. Human capital significantly affected the income gaps in the secondary labor market. (2) Employing Shapley decomposition and Owen decomposition methods, we estimated the effect of human capital and other non-market factors on income disparities. It was found that the income gaps between the primary and secondary labor market mainly shaped by human capital characteristics, which could account for 40.18 percent income gaps, only about 13.29 percent gaps were posed by labor market segmentation and intergenerational occupational mobility. (3) The decomposition result of quantile regression revealed that contribution rate of human capital characteristics to total income gap reduced with the level of income increased.The implication was that to break down the institutional barriers against the integration of urban and rural labor markets, to improve the institution that allows intergenerational occupational mobility. In the secondary labor market, we should improve the returns of those with more human capital and optimize and upgrade labor structure. While in the primary labor market, we need to strengthen the skill-based and performance-based income distribution mechanism, improving the efficiency of labor resource allocation based on the economic rules.