山东重点城市空气质量及其与气象要素的关系

摘要

利用山东省济南、青岛2001—2010年以及其他7个重点城市2005—2010年逐日空气污染指数（API）和同期的常规气象资料，运用统计方法，分析了各市空气质量年、季变化特征，并利用SPSS软件进一步分析探讨了API指数与风速、气温、降水、湿度、日照时数等气象因子的相关关系。结果表明：济南由于受能源结构、地形、气象条件等因素的影响，API指数累年平均值最大达到91.2，沿海城市空气质量明显好于内陆城市，日照 API 指数最小仅为56.5；从年际变化来看，济南由于加强对空气污染的治理，空气质量明显改善，API指数呈逐年下降趋势，其他城市有不同程度的增加或减小。空气质量具有明显的季节变化，各城市均是夏季空气质量最好，优良率天数频率最多，冬季最差，济南冬季发生轻微污染以上天数的频率最大占39.8%；各城市均以 PM10为首要污染物出现的频率为最多，出现以 NO2、SO2为首要污染物频率最多的城市分别是枣庄、潍坊，出现空气质量为优频率最多的城市是日照；各城市4季 API 指数与同期常规气象要素密切相关，4季API指数与降水均呈负相关，除济南春季外，与风速基本呈负相关，春、夏、秋3个季节API指数与相对湿度基本均成负相关，冬季API指数与日照时数成负相关、与气温、相对湿度成正相关。%Based on the daily Air Pollution Index (API) and regular meteorological observed data of Jinan and Qingdao in 2001—2010 and of seven other cities in Shandong province in 2005—2010, the annual and seasonal variation characteristics of air quality in each city and the correlation between API and wind speed, temperature, precipitation, humidity and sunshine hours are analyzed making use of statistical method and SPSS software. The results indicate that due to the influence of energy structure, topography, and meteorological conditions, the maximum annual value of API reached 91.2 in Jinan. The air quality in coastal cities like Rizhao, with the minimum API of 56.5, obviously has better air quality than those inland cities. Regarding to the inter annual variability,with the effective application of air pollution treatment, the API in Jinan decreased year by year. Meanwhile it might increased or decreased to some extent in the other cities. Air quality shows obvious seasonal variation characteristics with the most days of good air quality in summer and least in winter. In winter, slightly polluted days ranked 39.8% in Jinan. PM10 is proved to be the most frequent primary pollutant in every city except Zaozhuang and Weifang in which NO2 and SO2 are more frequent respectively. Rizhao has the most excellent air quality days among all the cities studied in the paper. Seasonal API is negatively associated with precipitation and wind speed except in Jinan spring. The API of spring, summer and autumn are negatively correlated to relative humidity. The API of winter is negatively correlated to sunshine hours and positively correlated to temperature and relative humidity.