钾浓度对茴香植株生长发育、精油含量和组分的影响

摘要

为了揭示钾浓度对植物生长发育和次生代谢产物——精油累积的影响特性及其内在关系，采用水培方法，以日本园试配方中钾含量为标准1K，设计1/8K、1/4K、1/2K、1K和2K处理，研究了不同钾浓度对茴香Foeniculum vulgare Mill.生长发育、精油含量和组分的影响。结果表明：不同钾浓度处理对植株形态（茴香分枝数、节数和花序数）、生物量（地上部鲜质量、全株鲜质量和全株干质量）、碳、氮含量（全氮、蛋白氮、全碳、可溶性糖、C/N）、精油含量、单株精油产量和色素含量（Chl.a、Chl.b、CAR.、Chl.a+b、Chl.a/b）影响显著，综合认为1K为利于茴香初生代谢产物累积（生长发育）的最佳处理，而1/4K、1/8K和1K为利于次生代谢产物累积（精油含量）的较好处理；相关分析表明，精油含量与全碳含量（r＝0.72）、可溶性糖含量（r＝0.70）成极显著正相关；单株精油产量与全氮含量（r＝0.49）呈显著正相关。不同钾浓度处理茴香精油均鉴定出23种成分，其中17种成分的相对含量差异显著。精油第一主要成分反式-茴香脑含量为74.75%~79.15%，第二主要成分柠檬烯含量为8.25%~14.81%，第三主要成分莳萝芹菜脑相对含量2.04%~3.82%，处理间均差异显著。结论：钾浓度不但影响茴香的生长发育，还影响着茴香次生代谢产物精油的含量、产量和成分组成比例；适宜的钾浓度（1K）可以实现茴香初生代谢产物累积（生长发育）与次生代谢产物累积（精油产量）均高的结果。%The objective of this study was to reveal the response characteristics and the internal correlation of fennel plant growth and essential oil accumulation to potassium concentrations. Effect of different potassium concentrations to fennel plant growth, essential oil content and components was studied by using method of solution culture, and making Japanese garden formula’s potassium content as 1K, and designing 1/8K, 1/4K, 1/2K, 1K and 2K treatments. The results showed that branch number, number of nodes, inflorescence number, shoot fresh weight(F.W), fresh and dry weight(D.W) , total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, total carbon, soluble sugar, C/N, essential oil content, yield of essential oil per plant and pigment indexes were significantly affected by different potassium concentration treatments. In general, growth and development of fennel were the best at 1K , while 1/4K、1/8K and 1K were tested to be the best treatments for essential oil content of fennel. Correlation analysis showed that:essential oil content was positively correlated with total carbon content (r=0.72) and soluble sugar content(r=0.70); yield of essential oil per plant was positively correlated to total nitrogen content(r=0.49). A total of 23 kinds of components in essential oil were identified, and 17 kinds of components of essential oil were significantly different among different potassium concentration treatments. (E)-anethole, which is the dominant essential oil component, contributed 74.75% to79.15% to the total amount of oil. And the following most abundant chemical is limonene, which had the contents of 8.25%to 14.81%in the total amount of oil, while Dill Apiol, the third abundant chemical, had the relative amount of 2.04%to 3.82%. The three components were significantly different among different potassium concentration treatments. Conclusion showed that different potassium concentrations affect not only the fennel plant growth, but also the yield and concentration of essential oil. And appropriate concentration of potassium can contribute to the high rate of plant growth and yield of essential oil.