土壤有机污染物生物修复技术研究进展

摘要

现代农业的发展改变了自然界的原有状况，为追求高产而大量使用的化肥、农药导致土壤有机物污染日趋严重。此外，工业生产、石油开采、交通运输、畜禽养殖及居民生活等也产生了大量有机污染物，使土壤有机物污染进一步加剧，土壤有机物污染的修复日益迫切。土壤污染修复是指通过物理的、化学的和生物的方法，吸收、降解、转移和转化土壤中的污染物，使污染物浓度降低到可以接受的水平，或将有毒有害的污染物转化为无害物质的过程。包括污染土壤的物理修复技术、化学修复技术以及生物修复技术3种方式。在污染土壤修复技术中，生物修复技术因其安全、无二次污染及修复成本低等优点而受到越来越多的关注。因污染物修复主体的不同，有机污染物污染土壤生物修复技术可分为植物修复技术、动物修复技术、微生物修复技术及其联合修复技术。污染土壤微生物修复技术是土壤污染生物修复的重要技术之一，是最具应用和发展前景的生物修复环保技术。文章重点阐述了国内外有机污染物污染土壤的生物修复技术及其原理、取得的研究进展及存在的优缺点，并对污染土壤的动物修复技术研究进行了初步展望，可为土壤有机污染物的生物修复研究提供参考。%The original conditions of natural environment were constantly altered by the emergence and development of modern agriculture. In the pursuit of high yield and high quality of agriculture, the conditions of organic pollutants contaminated soils have become increasingly worsening due to water, fertilizer and chemical pesticides used in great quantities. In addition, a large number of organic pollutants produced from industrial production, oil mining, transportation, livestock farming and living, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and Antibiotics (ATBs), worsen soil organic matter pollution, thus making remediation of organic pollutants contaminated soils a pressing issue. The remediation of contaminated soils is a qualitative process in which pollutant concentration is reduced to an acceptable level, or poisonous and harmful pollutants transformed into innoxious substances through absorption, degradation, transfer and transformation in soils using physical, chemical or biological methods. It includes physical remediation technology, chemical remediation technology and bioremediation technology. Among all kinds of soil remediation techniques, bioremediation is receiving more and more attention because of its safety and low cost. Besides, it won’t cause secondary pollution. The bioremediation of organic pollutants contaminated soils consists of phytoremediation technologies, soil fauna remediation technologies and microbial remediation technologies. The microbial bioremediation as an important component of the bioremediation of contaminated soils, boasts the most value in development and application in biological environmental protection. This paper systematically introduces the bioremediation technologies of organic pollutants contaminated soils at home and abroad in terms of their principles, the research progresses, the advantages and limitations. In the meantime, we cast a brief look into the prospects of the research of soil fauna remediation in future. Hopefully, it will provide references for research on bioremediation of organic pollutants contaminated soils.