目的:了解优秀女子小球集体项目运动员营养知识(knowledge)、态度(attitude)和行为(prac-tice)(知信行理论模式,简称KAP)的现状及其相关影响因素,观察运动员铁代谢营养状况,探讨营养知信行对运动员血清铁蛋白水平的影响,为制定科学合理的营养教育方案及实施科学有效的营养干预措施提供依据.方法:选取广东省小球集体项目女运动员54名(女手20,女曲20,女垒14)为调查对象,根据营养教育模式自行设计运动员KAP问卷,进行营养知识、态度和行为调查,同时测试血清铁蛋白水平.结果:(1)调查问卷各部分满分100分,KAP总分300分.运动员营养知识、态度和行为平均得分分别为43.64±11.66分(不及格率90.7％),78.37±10.21分(良好率59.3％)和63.10±10.17分(及格率37.0％),KAP平均得分185.10±23.01分(及格率44.4％).(2)单因素方差分析显示,不同项目运动员营养态度之间(P＜0.001)、KAP总分之间(P＜0.05)均有显著性差异;相关分析显示,营养态度与营养行为(A-P)之间显著正相关(P＜0.001),KAP总分与运动项目(P＜0.05)和文化程度显著相关(P＜0.05),而与年龄、训练年限和运动级别无明显相关性(P＞0.05).(3)多元逐步回归分析显示,训练年限(P＜0.05)是营养知识的影响因素,运动项目(P＜0.05)是营养态度的影响因素,文化程度(P＜0.01)同时是营养行为和KAP总分的影响因素.(4)不同运动项目血清铁蛋白之间存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),运动员血清铁蛋白水平与营养知识得分呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),运动员营养知识掌握越多,血清铁蛋白水平越高.结论:(1)女子小球集体项目运动员营养态度积极良好,但营养知识掌握情况不容乐观,营养行为不均衡,有必要在运动员中大力开展营养教育活动,尤其要加大运动营养知识宣教力度,提升运动员相关知识水平,制定合理有效的营养干预措施,以促进其形成健康营养行为.(2)不同运动项目是影响运动员营养态度以及膳食行为整体表现的因素,不同项目的队伍均应重视提高运动员膳食管理水平,加大膳食营养宣教力度,关注运动员休息日膳食行为和不同餐次安排,尤其是早餐和加餐的就餐行为,正确引导零食的健康摄入.(3)运动员铁缺乏营养不良状况发生率与营养知信行调查结果趋势一致,提示良好的营养知识有助于预防缺铁性贫血的发生,加强女子运动员膳食营养教育是预防运动性铁缺乏贫血发生的有效手段.%Objective To investigate the status quo of nutrition knowledge,attitude and practice(KAP) among elite female small ball athletes of Guangdong province and its influencing factors.Their serum ferritin was also observed to explore its correlation with their KAP,so as to provide evidences for formulating and implementing scientific and reasonable nutrition education schemes.Methods Fifty-four female small ball athletes,including 20 handball,20 hockey and 14 softball players,were selected to complete a self-designed diet questionnaire based on KAP education mode and their serum ferritin indicators were analyzed at the same time.Results (1)The average scores(all out of 100)of nutrition knowledge (K),attitude (A) and practice (P) were 43.64 ± 11.66 (with a failure rate of 90.7％),78.37 ± 10.21 (with the rate of excellence of 59.3％)and 63.10 ± 10.17(with a passing rate of 37.0％),and the average KAP score was 185.10 ± 23.01,with a passing rate of 44.4％.(2)The one-way ANOVA found that there were significant differences in the average A score and the total KAP score (P＜0.05) among the athletes of different small ball teams.The correlation analysis results showed that the average A score was of significant positive correlation to the average P score.Moreover,the average KAP total score was of significant correlation with sports events (P＜0.05) and the education level (P＜0.05),but not with the age,training period and exercise level(P＞0.05).The multiple stepwise regression analysis results showed that training period(P＜0.05) and sports events(P＜0.05) was the influencing factor of nutrition knowledge and attitude respectively,and that education level (P＜0.01) was the influencing factor of both nutrition practice and KAP.(3)Significant differences were found in the serum ferritin among athletes of different sports events(P＜0.05)the serum ferritin was of significant positive correlation with the nutrition knowledge(P＜0.05).Conclusion (1)The lack of sports nutrition knowledge and the unbalance of nutrition behavior are common in elite female small ball athletes,but they had a positive attitude.It is necessary to carry out a series of effective nutrition education programs to improve their sports nutrition knowledge,cultivate their good nutrition attitudes and finally formulate rational and effective nutritional intervention measures to promote the formation of healthy nutrition behavior of athletes.(2) The sport event is the key influencing factor of the nutrition attitude and dietary behaviors,which suggests that more more attention should be paid to athletes' dietary management and focus should be put on their diary behavior on no-training days and on their energy ratios control of each meal,especially breakfast and extra meals,and rational intake of snacks.(3)The incidence of iron deficiency is consistent with KAP questionnaire survey results,which indicates that it may be an effective measure to prevent iron deficiency anemia through strengthening athletes' dietary nutrition education.
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