作物缺水补偿节水的分子生理机制研究进展

摘要

The theory and technology of water-saving through crop compensation for water deficit and how they relate to crop production are theoretically important and potentially promising in agriculture application.Molecular and physiological mechanisms, however, still constitute those issues that need further research.The molecular and physiological processes of water-saving of crop by compensation for moderate water deficit was systematically analyzed based on related research advances in recent years.The researches results showed that water deficit and re-watering could change growth of plant nutritional organs such as roots, stems and leaves.Osmo-regulation, transpiration, photosynthesis and other physiological processes were also altered by water deficit and re-watering.Protein activity and molecular metabolism of crops adapted to changes in water availability.A water deficit threshold controlled compensations in crop production.With appropriate degree and duration of water deficit, crop water use efficiency improved and even increased (instead of decreasing) crop yield.If widely adopted in agricultural production, water-saving technologies through compensation for water deficit could be vital for improving economic returns and food safety.%作物缺水补偿节水理论及其技术具有重要理论意义和农业应用潜力,受到国内外专家的重视并取得一系列重要研究成果,然而作物适度胁迫缺水产生补偿节水效应的分子生理机制却仍是一个尚待研究的问题.在系统总结近年来的相关进展基础上,对引起作物适度缺水反弹补偿节水的分子生理过程进行了初步分析探索.作物在发生水分胁迫和复水后,在根、茎、叶等营养器官生长、渗透调节、蒸腾速率、光合作用等生理活动以及蛋白质活性、生化代谢、分子和基因调节等方面都有相关适应变化.水分亏缺补偿存在阈值范围,如果控制适当,在一定水分亏缺强度范围内可提高作物水分利用效率并使作物不减产甚至增产.这种缺水补偿节水技术如能在农业生产上推广应用,可有效节约水资源,提高作物经济效益和粮食安全.