Objective: To assess the sensitivity and specificity with different methods in detection of Mycobacteri-um leprae (M. Leprae) from different sources of water. Methods: DNA extraction was performed by crude extraction, DNA Stool Kit and DNA Mini Kit (QIACEN). Subsequently nested - PCR was applied to amplify the specific repetitive element of M. Leprae. Results: The quantity and quality of DNA extracted by the Stool Kit were better than that of crude DNA extraction from turbid water containing M. Leprae. The efficacy of DNA extraction method by using Mini - Kit was the same as that of DNA crude extraction from clear water containing M. Leprae. With increasing annealing temperature and decreasing number of cycles, the PCR assay obtained the same detection limit with reduced non - specific amplification. Conclusion: It is necessary to extract DNA from different water samples by using different methods and to optimize the conditions of PCR to reduce the non - specific amplification. DNA sequencing is more accurate and reliable for identification of M. Leprae from environmental water samples.%目的:比较不同方法检测水中麻风杆菌DNA分子的敏感性和特异性.方法:采用不同方法提取不同水样中的DNA,用巢式PCR扩增麻风杆菌特异性重复序列.结果:对浑浊水样,DNA Stool Kit提取DNA的效果优于粗提法；对于澄清水,DNA Mini Kit提取DNA的效果与粗提法相同.提高退火温度、减少循环数,PCR检出水平不变,非特异性扩增减少.结论:对不同外观的水样,采用不同方法提取DNA与优化PCR反应条件以减少非特异性扩增很有必要.
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