C16、C18混合脂肪酸分离技术研究进展

摘要

C16 and C18 fatty acid mixtures contain many high value components. Separating these components could greatly increase profit. So it is of great importance to study the separation technology of C16 and C18 fatty acid mixtures. Development of C16 and C18 fatty acid mixtures separation technology in the recent 10 years is reviewed,such as vacuum distillation,urea inclusion,π-complexing with Ag+,low temperature crystallization,and lipase-catalyzed method. The advantages and disadvantages of such separation methods are discussed. Vacuum distillation can effectively separate fatty acid mixtures into C16 and C18 components. Its main problem is that unsaturated components are prone to isomerization and polymerization under heating. Urea inclusion is usually used to separate saturated and unsaturated components in C16 and C18 mixtures. Current research on this method is focused on optimization and improvement of operating conditions. Lipase-catalyzed method is of high selectivity,environmentally friendly and can be operated under mild conditions. Now it has been used to concentrateα-linolenic acid andγ-linolenic acid,achieving good separation results. The prospects of C16 and C18 fatty acid mixtures separation technology are analyzed,pointing out that combination of two or more methods and lipase-catalyzed method will be the future tendency.%C16、C18混合脂肪酸中含有很多经济价值很高的组分，若能将这些组分分离出来加以利用，将极大地提高混合脂肪酸的利用价值，因此研究C16、C18混合脂肪酸的分离技术具有非常重要的意义。本文介绍了减压精馏、低温结晶、尿素包合、银离子络合、生物酶催化法等C16、C18混合脂肪酸分离方法在近十年来的研究进展，并分析了各种分离方法的优缺点和适用范围。减压精馏可以有效地将混合脂肪酸分离成C16组分与C18组分，但该法的主要问题是加热易使不饱和组分变质。尿素包合法最常用来分离C16、C18混合脂肪酸中的饱和组分与不饱和组分，目前对该法的研究主要集中在工艺条件的优化与改善。生物酶催化法选择性高、反应条件温和、绿色环保，目前已被用来分离α-亚麻酸以及γ-亚麻酸且效果良好。最后展望了C16、C18混合脂肪酸分离技术的发展前景，指出两种或多种分离方法组合以及生物酶催化法将是未来的发展趋势。