Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China;
Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
Department of Neuropharmacology, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University,Beijing 100083, China;
Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China;
Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China;
Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China;
l-tetrahydropalmatine; oxycodone; loco-motor sensitization;