辽河三角洲滨海湿地景观规划各预案对指示物种生境适宜性的影响

摘要

Based on the landuse scenarios elaboration and the measures identification,the ecological consequences of the scenarios were evaluated by LEDESS-model,especially focusing on the habitat suitability of the indicator species,Red-crown Crane and Saunder's Gull,in Liaohe Delta Wetlands.The results indicated that wetland mitigation (scenario A)not only can maintain the “no-net-loss”of natural wetlands but also greatly enhanced the habitat quality of indicatior species by converting the unsuitable or marginal habitats into core habitats.With the measures of habitat management to mitigate the habitat fragmentation,scenario B also improved the habitat quality of Red-crowned Crane remarkably,but its effects on the habitats of Saunder's Gull was very limited compared with scenario A.The modeling results of scenario C showed that the negative impacts of regional agriculture development on those endangered species could be alleviated surprisingly with the restricted developing scale (e.g.8000 hm2) and appropriately selected mode (e.g.“scrolling”mode) which were employed in the scenarios making.The results also revealed that habitat fragmentation brought from the human activities contributed the most to the habitat decay of Red-crowned crane.However,the habitat degradation of Saunder's Gull was mostly derived from the disorder and crumbled natural succession in the intertidal area mainly caused by the unreasonable aquaculture,agriculture and oil development in the area.%运用景观生态决策与评价支持系统(LEDESS)对辽河三角洲的3个景观规划预案，即湿地调整、生境管理和农业开发可能导致的地表覆盖物、自然生态单元等立地环境以及保护物种生境适宜性等区域生态后果进行了评估，并与现状进行了对比。模拟结果表明，预案A通过湿地调整措施不仅补偿了芦苇湿地的损失，还将部分不适宜生境和边境生境转变核心生境，相当程度上优化了保护物种丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥的生境质量。预案B通过一系列生境管理措施，减轻了生境破碎化因素的影响，从而也显著改善了丹顶鹤生境质量，对黑嘴鸥生境质量也有一定改善。预案C大规模农业开发如能控制一定规模(8000hm2)并采取一定合理模式(滚动开发)，能相当程度上减轻农业开发对物种生境的影响，即使不采取生境补偿措施，对丹顶鹤、黑嘴鸥核心生境也不会有破坏性的影响。模拟结果还表明，区域人类活动导致的生境破碎化是对丹顶鹤生境质量重要的干扰因子，而滩涂农业开发和水产养殖强烈地干扰了滩涂植被正常的演替过程，从而影响着黑嘴鸥等滩涂鸟类的生境适宜性。