不同人为干扰下林地类型对传粉昆虫的影响——以河南省巩义市为例

摘要

Different types of woodlands,which provide important ecosystem services for human beings,maintain the stable development of society and have positive effects on the protection of pollinators.In recent years,the diversity of pollinators has been greatly influenced by human activities,changes in climatic variables,invasion of alien species,and changes in land use.To study the status of species diversity of pollinators and plant communities in different types of woodlands (Quercus variabilis,Paulownia fortunei,and Populus spp.),24 sampling points were selected in field margin systems in the hilly regions of western Henan.Yellow,white,and blue traps were deployed,and a mixture of approximately 200 mL of water and 1 drop of detergent was poured into the traps to capture pollinators.These data were combined with the characteristics of local plant communities to analyze the effects of different woodland type on the diversity of pollinators.We captured 8386 individuals of six orders and 83 families,mainly belonging to Hymenoptera,Diptera,Coleoptera,Lepidoptera,Hemiptera,and Thysanoptera,with a total of six pollinator functional groups.Hymenoptera,Diptera,Coleoptera,and Lepidoptera were selected as the four kinds of main pollinators to be analyzed.Results showed that the individual number and dominance of pollinators in Populus spp.were greater than those in P.fortunei and Q.variabilis,but the diversity of pollinators in P.fortunei was greater than that in Q.variabilis and Populus spp.In terms of individual abundance of pollinators,Q.variabilis differed significantly from P.fortunei (P ＜ 0.05) and Populus spp.(P ＜ 0.01),whereas P.fortunei did not differ from Populus spp.Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) and Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) revealed that the composition of pollinator communities in Q.variabilis differed significantly from P.fortunei and Populus spp.(P ＜ 0.05),whereas Q.variabilis did not vary substantially from Populus spp.Among the seven environmental variables studied,according to Redundancy analysis (RDA),coverage of trees and altitude were negatively related to the diversity of pollinators (P ＜ 0.05).Altitude was significantly correlated with the first axis (r =0.3242,P ＜ 0.05),indicating that the first axis was characterized by an elevation gradient,with the first axis increasing from left to right,and habitats changed from lower Populus spp.to higher Q.variabilis,and pollinator insects were mainly distributed in the middle to high-altitude areas.Coverage of trees (r=-0.5061,P ＜ 0.05) was significantly correlated with the second axis,indicating that the second axis was characterized by coverage of trees increasing from top to bottom,and the transition was from the lower cover of Q.variabilis to that of Populus spp.The pollinators changed from Hymenoptera in lower tree coverage to Coleoptera in the higher tree coverage.The interference of human activities was not completely negative to pollinators,and pollinators had a positive response under moderate disturbance.Moreover,the diversity of pollinators was closely related to the surrounding environmental variables,including seasonal variation,vegetation characteristics,temperature,humidity,and human activities.The composition of pollinator communities in different woodland types varied,and the diversity of habitats and vegetation supported more food sources and habitats for the species;therefore,for the development of pollinator communities and improvement of ecosystem services in local areas,it is important to increase the protection of different types of woodland.%不同类型的林地为人类提供着十分重要的生态系统服务,维持着社会的稳定发展,其对传粉昆虫的保护也有着积极的效应.在巩义市选取24个采样点,3种林地类型(栓皮栎林、泡桐林、杨树林)进行取样,结合当地的植物群落特征,分析不同人为干扰梯度下生态系统对传粉昆虫的影响;共捕获传粉昆虫8386头,分属6个目,83个科,分属于膜翅目类、双翅目类、鞘翅目类、鳞翅目类、半翅目类与缨翅目类共六个传粉功能群.选取膜翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目和鳞翅目4类主要传粉昆虫作为研究对象进行分析.结果表明:(1)栓皮栎林中传粉昆虫的个体数量和优势度要大于泡桐林和杨树林,但泡桐林中传粉昆虫多样性大于栓皮栎林和杨树林;就传粉昆虫的多度而言,栓皮栎林与泡桐林(P＜0.05)和杨树林(P＜0.01)间有显著差异,而泡桐林和杨树林间的差异不明显;(2)非度量多维度法(NMDS)和非参数二因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)显示,泡桐林中传粉昆虫群落组成分别与栓皮栎林和杨树林之间存在显著差异(P＜0.05),而栓皮栎林与杨树林间无显著差异;(3)在所研究的7个环境因子中,根据冗余分析(RDA)显示,海拔高度和乔木盖度2个环境因素对传粉昆虫群落组成有显著影响(P＜0.05).不同林地类型中传粉昆虫群落的组成差异明显,生境和植被的多样为物种带来更多的食源及栖息环境,因此,加强不同林地类型的保护、保障传粉昆虫生境的多样性对本区传粉昆虫的发展和生态系统服务的提高具有重要意义.