命与天命:儒家天人关系的双重视角

摘要

"命"与"天命"是传统文化中的一对重要范畴,主要指人所受到的限制.二者都起源于"令",由"王令"而"天令",又因"天令"对王权的决定作用从而成为于权之"命"."命"与"天命"有不同规定: "命"体现着天对人之自然生命的限制,表现的是人所无法驾驭的客观力量,但落实于人并表现为人之"命";"天命"体现的则是人之自我确认的道德理想,其虽然出于人却又必须证之于天,所以是天之真正的命于人者.命与天命,既体现了传统天人关系的双重视角,同时也是儒道两家不同探索侧重的一个基本分野.%As a pair of important categories in traditional Chinese culture,mainly refer to the constraints placed on human beings.Both originated frombecause of the decisive role of"heavenly decrees"over a throne."Ming"and "tian ming"have different definitions:"Ming"represented the limits Heaven placed on the natural lives of human beings and was an objective force that men could not direct,but was embodied in human beings as their"destiny";"Tian ming"reflected the moral ideals of human beings in their self-identification;It originated in man but had to be verified by Heaven,and it was therefore the true ordinance that Heaven placed on human beings."Ming"and"tian ming"are two perspectives on the traditional relationship between Heaven and human beings,and at the same time Confucians and Daoists placed different emphasis on them.