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Essays on externalities and market structure.

机译:关于外部性和市场结构的论文。

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摘要

My dissertation investigates how firms, operating in different industries and facing various organizational and legal constraints, respond to three types of externalities. In economics, an externality is the uninternalized impact (positive or negative) on any party not involved in a given economic transaction. Since third parties are affected by these transactions, the actual outcomes may not be socially optimal and, thus, pose a challenge for free-market advocates. In each of the three chapters of my dissertation, I highlight empirically a different approach adopted by firms to either minimize the effect of negative externalities they face, or alternatively, to take advantage of positive externalities. The combination of the three chapters offers a better understanding of the role of externalities and sheds light on the potential impact of policy intervention.;The first chapter (co-authored with Oren Rigbi) explores how chains control prices at their franchised outlets and the role of positive demand externalities in maintaining the reputation of fast-food chains. The presence of positive demand externalities is driven by the different incentives of franchisees and the franchisor with respect to the chain's overall reputation and implies that franchisees set too high (from the chain's point of view) prices. Our idea is that through advertising, the chain informs consumers about a desired behavior for franchisees, such as setting low prices. Consequently, franchisees find it optimal to adopt the chain's desired behavior. We demonstrate this idea using McDonald's Dollar Menu advertising campaign in 2002. We exploit McDonald's dual organizational structure, operating both corporate-owned and franchised restaurants to test changes in prices of advertised and non-advertised items. We find that price differences between franchised and corporate-owned outlets decreased substantially only for items with good substitutes in the Dollar Menu. Second, prices at franchised outlets were higher and the change in the price differential was larger in outlets located near highways, where the incentive of franchisees to free-ride on the chain's reputation is greater.;In the second chapter, I examine the relationship between an airport level of congestion and the airport market structure. I investigate whether airlines schedule their flights taking into account the congestion cost a flight inflicts on flights operated only by the same airline rather than by other airlines. More specifically, this chapter focuses on the contribution of flight banks, time periods in which hub carriers cluster their flights to achieve short connecting periods for their passengers, to the level of congestion at hub airports.;The third chapter deals with negative demand externalities or business stealing among retailers, and how exclusive dealing arrangements between a shopping mall landlord and hamburger restaurants can mitigate these concerns. Using a unique dataset of Israeli shopping malls and data on exclusive dealing arrangements, I explore when exclusivity contracts are formed. The main findings are: (1) In large shopping malls there are no exclusive dealing arrangements; (2) Binding arrangements are obtained in intermediate size malls. These findings suggest that exclusive dealing arrangements in shopping malls limit consumers' choice set and are likely to reduce social welfare.
机译:本文研究了在不同行业中运作并面临各种组织和法律约束的企业如何应对三种外部性。在经济学中,外部性是对未参与给定经济交易的任何一方的非内部化影响(正面或负面)。由于第三方受到这些交易的影响,实际结果可能不是社会上最佳的,因此对自由市场倡导者构成了挑战。在我的论文的三章中,我都从经验上强调了公司采用的不同方法,以最小化他们所面临的负外部性的影响,或者利用正外部性。这三章的结合使人们更好地了解了外部性的作用,并阐明了政策干预的潜在影响。保持快餐连锁店声誉的积极外部需求。积极的需求外部性的存在是由加盟商和特许人对连锁店整体声誉的不同激励所驱动的,这意味着(从连锁店的角度来看)加盟商定价过高。我们的想法是,通过广告,连锁店可以告知消费者加盟商的期望行为,例如设定低价。因此,加盟商发现采用连锁店的理想行为是最佳选择。我们在2002年使用麦当劳的Dollar Menu广告活动证明了这一想法。我们利用麦当劳的双重组织结构,同时经营公司拥有和特许经营的餐厅来测试广告和非广告商品价格的变化。我们发现,在“美元菜单”中,只有具有良好替代品的商品,特许商店和公司拥有的商店之间的价格差异才大幅度下降。其次,在高速公路附近的特许经营网点,特许经营网点的价格较高,价格差异的变化较大,在这种情况下,特许经营者对连锁声誉的搭便车的动机更大。;在第二章中,我研究了两者之间的关系机场的拥挤程度和机场市场结构。我调查航空公司是否在安排航班时考虑了仅在同一家航空公司而非其他航空公司运营的航班上造成的航班拥堵成本。更具体地说,本章着重于飞行库,枢纽承运人将其航班集中以实现其乘客的短接机时间的时间段对枢纽机场的拥挤程度的贡献。第三章讨论负需求外部性或零售商之间的业务窃取,以及购物中心房东和汉堡餐厅之间的独家交易安排如何减轻这些担忧。通过使用以色列大型购物中心的独特数据集和独家交易安排的数据,我探索了何时形成排他性合同。主要发现是:(1)在大型购物中心没有排他性交易安排; (2)装订安排在中型商场进行。这些发现表明,购物中心的排他性交易安排限制了消费者的选择范围,并有可能减少社会福利。

著录项

  • 作者

    Ater, Itai.;

  • 作者单位

    Stanford University.;

  • 授予单位 Stanford University.;
  • 学科 Economics General.;Economics Theory.;Transportation.;Urban and Regional Planning.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2008
  • 页码 123 p.
  • 总页数 123
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 经济学;综合运输;经济学;区域规划、城乡规划;
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:38:59

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