Entering 'the Unified Mand&dotbelow;a&dotbelow;la of All the Siddhas:' The Sadhana of Mahamudra and the Making of Vajrayana Buddhist Subjects

摘要

This thesis examines the role of translation and the formation of Vajrayana Buddhist subjects in religious transmission through an analysis of the tantric Buddhist ritual practice, the Sadhana of Mahamudra (SOM). Reported to be revealed as a Mind treasure by the Tibetan reincarnate teacher Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche while on retreat in Bhutan in 1968, and subsequently translated into English by Trungpa Rinpoche and his student Richard Arthure (1940-- ), the SOM played an important role in the early process of the transnational transmission of Vajrayana Buddhism to the 'West.' Nevertheless, after more than fifty years of practice by individuals and communities around the globe, the role of the SOM in this process has yet to be studied. Moreover, scholarship on the role of Vajrayana rituals in contemporary religious transmission is also in its nascency. In this thesis, I aim to address this lacuna through a study of the revelation of this text, its strategic translation, and its role in the making of Vajrayana Buddhist subjects. Given that the SOM emerged at a pivotal moment as Trungpa Rinpoche re-evaluated how to best teach the buddhadharma in the 'West,' I argue that its partially domesticating translation was a strategic means of inducting 'Western' students into a foreign ritual world. As such, I argue that the SOM was a skillful method to introduce 'Western,' non-Buddhist students to the Vajrayana through an iterative process of ritual enactment and training in a subjectivity both described and prescribed within the text. As such, in this thesis I analyze the important role that the SOM played in the early formation of Vajrayana subjectivities as Vajrayana Buddhism came to North America and in preparing the ground for the later teachings that Trungpa Rinpoche would introduce to his students. This thesis informs my broader research question: how are new subjectivities created in the process of religious transmission across radically different cultural contexts? More generally, it contributes to emergent conversations around performativity in Buddhist ritual practice and will also prove relevant to those working on the intersection of ritual practice and religious transmission in other traditions.