Induction of DNA damage by topical application of spermicides and microbicides: Consequences to viral pathogenesis.

摘要

mong women's sexual health threats are disproportionate susceptibility to sexually transmitted disease (STD) and the possible lubrication of cervical barriers such as male condoms with nonoxynol-9 (N-9), which may enhance human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. Strategies for prevention of STD are insufficient to combat HIV-1 and other STD infections. Existing intervention strategies have deficiencies. Condoms/abstinence does not guarantee protection. GardasilRTM, Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine does not cover all strains. STD has a higher societal cost. In the United States, STD treatment including HPV is over