Cadre methodologique de gestion du cycle de vie applique a l'industrie papetiere.

摘要

The main objective of this project was to propose a methodological framework for the implementation of LCM in the paper industry which includes the EMS, LCA and MCDM and is suitable for the identification and ranking, according to their significance, of the environmental aspects, the evaluation of tactical and strategic investment projects of an enterprise and ultimately the assessment of their effect on the environmental performance of the company. The literature review has also identified the following specific opportunities: (1) to demonstrate the relevance of different LCA approaches (attributional and consequential) in the context of the proposed framework, (2) to propose a practical method for establishing a family of decision criteria based on LCA indicators and (3) to propose a new normalization method to assess the significance of environmental impacts.;To meet the above objectives, a LCM framework built based on a traditional EMS structure was developed in this project. On the other hand, the planning phase is described as two separate and distinct decision making problems which were supported by the concept of MCDM and where LCA was integrated.;The first problem is the ranking of environmental aspects according to their significance. To do so, the proposed approach broadens the scope of EMS by introducing two levels of boundaries: the foreground system (controlled by the organization) and the background system (life cycle of operations). While the first level is separated into elementary processes for which the inventory is compiled, the second level allows for the inclusion in the analysis of, amongst other things, resources consumed by the first level. Once all impacts are quantified using LCA indicators, the impacts are normalized using a new approach based on the distance-to-target that allows the assessment of the significance of the impacts. Finally, the principles of MCDM and the method of establishing a coherent family of criteria are applied to rank the environmental aspects according to their significance. The significant aspects identified serve as a basis for the definition of environmental programs for the mitigation of the former.;The second decision-making problem has two distinct purposes: (1) to determine which environmental programs based on the significant environmental aspects are the most beneficial from an environmental perspective and (2) to assess the environmental performance of various projects of the company (tactical and strategic). The normalization and establishment of a family of criteria for decision-making methods are also needed to solve these two decision-making problems. In addition, a third level of boundaries (systems affected) was added to these applications so that significant environmental consequences occurring in life cycles other than the studied one are not neglected. Finally, the proposed framework also allows for the assessment, a posteriori, of the effect of the implementation of such projects on performance indicators of the company and recalculating the list of significant aspects. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)