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Abiotic and biotic drivers of exotic species success in marine fouling communities of Washington, U.S.A.

机译:外来物种的非生物和生物驱动因素在美国华盛顿的海洋污染社区获得成功

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摘要

Understanding how and why exotic species succeed in new biological communities is vital for both conservation and basic ecology. Using a combination of surveys, experiments and demographic modeling, I teased apart the abiotic and biotic drivers of exotic species success in marine fouling communities of Washington, U.S.A. I first documented native and exotic species diversity of fouling communities throughout the region by conducting extensive surveys of floating dock habitats. With this data I also tested two classical ecological theories, diversity-stability theory and diversity-resistance theory. I found no support for diversity-stability theory, equivocal support for diversity-resistance theory, and evidence that native and exotic species prefer different abiotic environments. I then conducted manipulative experiments to test the effects of abiotic environment and direct-contact interactions to the vital rates and population growth rates of the most common exotic species, the colonial ascidian Botrylloides violaceus. Results showed that both abiotic environment and direct-contact interaction influenced the survival and growth of B. violaceus. However, abiotic effects on population growth rates were much larger than direct-contact effects. I subsequently explored the effects of pre-emptive competition for space by testing the effect of natural communities on B. violaceus larval recruitment rates and incorporated this effect into a space-dependent model. I showed that space-dependent B. violaceus populations are likely to exhibit phase-locked cycles and that dynamics are sensitive to inter-specific space-occupation and the growth rates of medium-sized colonies in the summer. Finally, I used cage-exclosure experiments to test the enemy-release hypothesis, which posits that native predators limit native species to a greater extent than they do exotic species. I found that large molluskan predators do not limit B. violaceus at any site and that their effect on native species depends on the biomass of large molluskan predators at each site. Thus the enemy-release hypothesis was only supported only at sites with high molluskan biomass. Overall, I conclude that pre-emptive competition for space is the most important biotic interaction to the exotic B. violaceus , but that the abiotic environment is the main driver of the success of this exotic species in Washington fouling communities.
机译:了解外来物种如何以及为什么在新的生物群落中取得成功对于保护和基本生态都至关重要。结合调查,实验和人口统计模型,我梳理了外来物种在美国华盛顿海洋污染社区成功的非生物和生物驱动因素。我首先通过对该区域进行广泛的调查,记录了整个地区的污染社区的本地和外来物种多样性。浮码头的栖息地。利用这些数据,我还测试了两种经典的生态学理论,即多样性稳定理论和多样性抵抗理论。我没有发现对多样性稳定性理论的支持,对多样性抵抗理论的模棱两可的支持,也没有证据表明本土和外来物种更喜欢不同的非生物环境。然后,我进行了操纵性实验,以测试非生物环境和直接接触相互作用对最常见的外来物种殖民地海藻Botrylloides violaceus的生命率和种群增长率的影响。结果表明,非生物环境和直接接触相互作用均会影响紫锥芽孢杆菌的存活和生长。然而,非生物对人口增长率的影响远大于直接接触的影响。随后,我通过测试自然群落对紫薇芽孢杆菌幼虫募集率的影响,探索了抢先竞争对空间的影响,并将这种影响纳入了空间依赖性模型中。我发现,空间依赖的紫罗兰芽孢杆菌种群很可能表现出锁相环,并且动力学对种间空间占用和夏季中型菌落的生长速度敏感。最后,我使用笼子封闭实验来测试敌人释放假说,该假说认为本地掠食者对本地物种的限制比外来物种更大。我发现大型软体动物捕食者在任何地点都不会限制紫薇芽孢杆菌,它们对本地物种的影响取决于每个地点大型软体动物捕食者的生物量。因此,仅在具有高软体动物生物量的地点才支持敌人释放假说。总的来说,我的结论是,对太空的先发制人的竞争是与外来B. violaceus的最重要的生物相互作用,但是非生物环境是该外来物种在华盛顿污染社区成功的主要驱动力。

著录项

  • 作者

    Grey, Erin.;

  • 作者单位

    The University of Chicago.;

  • 授予单位 The University of Chicago.;
  • 学科 Biology Ecology.;Biology Oceanography.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2009
  • 页码 137 p.
  • 总页数 137
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 生态学(生物生态学);海洋生物;
  • 关键词

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