Essays on The Political Economy of Co-operation and Co-ordination.

摘要

Jevons's Ideal Role for Labor Unions as a Form of Co-operation: This chapter examines the ideas about labor unions in William Stanley Jevons's works. Even though Jevons disapproved labor unions, he did not consider indispensable their elimination as long as they co-operated with business. I conclude that there are two forms of co-operation in Jevons's thought. One from capitalist to workers, via profit sharing, and another, from workers to capitalists, via their participation in organizations other than traditional labor unions. Both forms of co-operation have to co-exist for Jevons's scheme to function. The latter, however, does not ensure that classes are equally beneficiated.;Inequality as Lack of Co-operation in Economic Thought: This chapter compares the notions of co-operation by five economists of the 19th century in the United Kingdom. I conclude that there are two approaches in the relationship between co-operation and economic and social inequality. One is the economic-centered view (Charles Babbage and WS Jevons), where the benefits of co-operation are linked to profit sharing, the increase of productivity, and the expansion of the economic system. The second is a socially oriented approach (Robert Owen and JS Mill even though with different implications). Marx's analysis of co-operation belongs to neither approach. For him, under capitalism, some forms of co-operation generate or reinforce inequality.;An Unintended Consequence of Uncoordinated International Monetary Policy on Central America: Drawing on an analysis of Central American countries' sectoral balances, their historic dependence on bank lending, and their contemporary sources of funding, I find that the international bond market became an important source of debt for these economies during the late 2010s, which coincides with the second phase of global liquidity generated with quantitative easing policies by developed countries after 2008. Additionally, in contrast to big emerging economies, the role of non-financial corporations' issuance is not relevant for countries in Central America. By classifying these countries' international debt securities by residence and nationality, I also conclude that the financial fragility of some of these countries has been exacerbated more by the general government's foreign bonds issuance than by the financial and non-financial corporations' issuance.