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The Ch'iang of ancient China through the Han dynasty: Ecological frontiers and ethnic boundaries.

机译:汉代以前的中国古代人:生态疆域和民族边界。

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The Ch'iang, who live in northwestern Szechwan province, are one of the 55 officially designated ethnic minorities in China. During the Han dynasty, people with this name were widely distributed along Han China's western frontiers, from eastern Chinghai (Ho-Huang) to western Szechwan. The name Ch'iang were mentioned in various even earlier Chinese documents, from the oracle-bone inscriptions of the 14th century B.C. to the works of the 4th century B.C. philosophers. Thus, it has been widely assumed that the Ch'iang are an ethnic group with a long history.; This essay explores the formation of the Ho-Huang Ch'iang in the Han dynasty along two dimensions. First, a series of changes in human ecology which occurred in the Ho-huang area from ca. 3000 B.C. to 500 B.C. eventually transformed its inhabitants from sedentary farmers into nomadic pastoralists, with a social organization that can best be characterized as "decentralized." Compared with the world of the Han Chinese, this area was an ecological frontier.; Second, since the word Ch'iang was an ethnic label by which the Chinese identified some non-Chinese people in the west, it can be seen as word describing "a sense of otherness" for the Chinese. In the period when the ethnic entity of the Chinese was forming, ch'iang became a shifting ethnic boundary--as western populations merged more and more into the Chinese, this ethnic boundary shifted westward. Finally it reached the ecological frontier during the Han period. The Chinese could not govern those lands and peoples in the Chinese way, and the natives of these areas could not adopt the Chinese way of production and social organization. The ethnic boundary has remained fixed ever since.; Thus, during the period from the Shang dynasty to the Han, the Ch'iang was not a "people" that had continuity in time and space. Instead, it was an ethnic boundary, a concept among the Chinese. When we trace the history of the Ch'iang, we are tracing not the history of a non-Chinese people but a part of the history of the Chinese themselves.
机译:居住在四川省西北部的成都人是中国55个正式指定的少数民族之一。在汉代,从青海省东部到四川西部,这个名字的人们广泛分布在汉族的西部边疆。早在公元前14世纪甲骨文碑文中,甚至在更早的中国文献中就提到了“钱”这个名字。到公元前4世纪的作品哲学家。因此,人们普遍认为,昌江是一个历史悠久的民族。本文从两个方面探讨了汉代皇帝黄-的形成。首先,从约公元前期开始,在浩煌地区发生了一系列人类生态变化。公元前3000年到公元前500年最终将其居民从久坐的农民变成了游牧的牧民,其社会组织最能被形容为“分散的”。与汉人的世界相比,该地区是生态前沿。其次,由于“钱”一词是一个种族标签,中国人以此来识别西方的一些非华裔人士,因此它可以被看作是描述中国人“异样感”的词。在中国人的民族实体形成的时期,中国成为了一个不断变化的民族边界。随着西方人口越来越多地融入中国人,这个民族边界向西移动。最终,它到达了汉代的生态边界。中国人不能以中国人的方式统治这些土地和人民,这些地区的土著人也不能采用中国人的生产和社会组织方式。从那时起,种族边界一直保持不变。因此,从商代到汉代,昌盛并不是一个在时间和空间上具有连续性的“人民”。取而代之的是,这是一个种族界限,是中国人的观念。当我们追溯重庆的历史时,我们所追溯的不是中国人的历史,而是中国人自身历史的一部分。

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