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Characterization and comparison of flowback/produced water of fresh water to recycled water stimulated wells and the subsequent evaluation of the influence of inorganic ions on fracturing fluid viscosity.

机译:淡水的返排/产出水与循环水增产井的特征对比,以及随后的无机离子对压裂液粘度影响的评估。

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摘要

As the Oil and Gas Industry begins to recycle flowback and produced waters, new challenges arise in using recycled water as a base fluid (fluid for hydrating gel) for future hydraulic fracturing operations. By understanding water qualities at all steps of the water life cycle in recycled operations, it is possible to improve treatment effectiveness and efficiency as well as make informed decisions on future fracturing fluid designs.;This thesis contains two studies. The first study looks to determine water qualities, their differences and similarities, among multiple wells in the same Basin. These wells were fractured using a variety of techniques such as varied recycled to fresh water blends and fluid designs. The collection and water quality analysis of roughly 150 samples from seven wells on two different sites showed that there is little difference in water quality between wells fractured with recycled water (recycled wells) and wells fractured with fresh water (fresh wells). The study does not find noticeable differences in dissolved ionic concentrations between fresh and recycled wells. However, recycled wells located on the first site show emulsified oils in flowback. This can be observed with increased total organic carbon loadings of 12,170mg/l for day three flowback of one recycled well in comparison to 3,268mg/L for day three flowback of a fresh well. Treatment effectiveness was also correlated with emulsified oil concentrations and as their concentrations decreased, so did the coagulant dose required for optimum treatment. Spatial variation was observed between the two sites. Although the concentration of varying inorganics between the two locations was observable, temporal trends were consistent between wells.;The second study provides data that can be used in decision making for future fracturing fluid design and development. By observing the effect individual ions and ion combinations have on fracturing fluid stability, operational limits were determined for two fracturing fluids employed by operators in the DJ Basin. Theoretical mechanisms of action were determined for the factors that influence fracturing fluid stability. Specific cations compete for crosslink sites on the gel polymer through shielding or by competitively complexing with active sites that the added crosslinker would normally complex with, resulting in a less stable fluid. Hydrogen bonds can sometimes form bonds at active sites and make a weak crosslink. At lower concentrations calcium and magnesium can replace these weaker crosslinks with stronger bonds, creating a more stable fluid.
机译:随着石油和天然气工业开始对回流液和采出水进行再循环,使用再循环水作为基础液(用于水合凝胶的流体)用于未来的水力压裂作业将面临新的挑战。通过了解循环操作中水生命周期各个阶段的水质,有可能提高处理效率和效率,并对未来的压裂液设计做出明智的决策。第一项研究旨在确定同一盆地多口井之间的水质,差异和相似性。这些井使用多种技术压裂,例如将各种水循环利用到淡水混合物中和进行流体设计。对来自两个不同地点的7口井的大约150个样品的收集和水质分析表明,用再生水压裂的井(循环井)和用淡水压裂的井(新鲜井)之间的水质差异不大。该研究未发现新鲜井和回收井之间溶解离子浓度的明显差异。但是,位于第一个站点的回收井在回流中显示出乳化油。可以看到,一口再生井的第三天回流的总有机碳装载量为12,170mg / L,而三口新鲜井的有机碳总装载为3,268mg / L。治疗效果还与乳化油的浓度相关,随着乳油浓度的降低,最佳治疗所需的凝结剂量也随之增加。在两个位置之间观察到空间变化。尽管可以观察到两个位置之间各种无机物的浓度,但是井之间的时间趋势是一致的。;第二项研究提供了可用于未来压裂液设计和开发决策的数据。通过观察单个离子和离子组合对压裂液稳定性的影响,确定了DJ盆地操作人员使用的两种压裂液的操作极限。确定了影响压裂液稳定性的因素的理论作用机理。特定的阳离子通过屏蔽或竞争性地与添加的交联剂通常会与之络合的活性位点进行竞争,从而竞争凝胶聚合物上的交联位点,从而导致流体的稳定性降低。氢键有时可在活性位点形成键并形成弱的交联键。在较低的浓度下,钙和镁可以用较强的键代替这些较弱的交联键,从而形成更稳定的流体。

著录项

  • 作者

    White, Shane A.;

  • 作者单位

    Colorado State University.;

  • 授予单位 Colorado State University.;
  • 学科 Environmental engineering.;Chemistry.;Petroleum engineering.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2016
  • 页码 119 p.
  • 总页数 119
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:48:49

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