The gender gap in empathy: A case for the reconceptualization of gender.

摘要

This article presents a systematic review of the literature on sex and gender-based differences in empathy. The review encompasses definitions of empathy, empathy measurement, research related to gender differences in empathy, and recent research in the neuroscience of empathy. The author finds that research on sex differences in empathy has many inconclusive findings. However, higher empathy scores in females are frequently cited. The author discusses possible determinants of higher empathy scores in females by self-report. Widespread methodological limitations are found in the literature. To improve quality within empathy research, the author recommends using research designs that include alternative gender measures to biological sex. The author proposes a larger shift in the conceptualization and measurement of gender in social science research. Finally, the author appeals to social workers regarding both the clinical significance of future empathy research as well as the social justice significance of reconceptualizing gender.