Hybrid electric vehicle regenerative-braking using ultracapacitors.

摘要

The concept and application of ultracapacitors for electric load leveling and regenerative braking is presented. Proposed sizing of an ultracapacitor system is presented and discussed based on the available energy and the nominal operating voltage from a hybrid electric vehicle transit bus.; A control scheme is required to effectively control the charge and discharge of the ultracapacitor system. This system is required to provide for electric load leveling, effective control and maximization of the regenerative-braking system. In order to optimally control the ultracapacitor system a DC/DC converter is required. Alternatively, direct connection of the ultracapacitor system across the battery bank does not allow for control of energy flow but does assist the battery system by altering the charge and discharge rate thereby reducing the stress on the battery system. Both connections of the ultracapacitor system were investigated. System integration using optimal power dispatch from the battery packs and generator was investigated with the aid of PSPICE and the Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).