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The visions of the future of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Sources and evolution.

机译:卡尔·马克思和弗里德里希·恩格斯的未来愿景:来源和演变。

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The Marxian visions of the post-capitalist future evolved with significant changes over three decades. From the outset Marx and Engels divided the future into stages, economically and philosophically, a final communist or socialist stage, and a transitional stage or stages preceding it. The final stage remained largely constant throughout, the actualization of the ideal of Feuerbach's anthropological philosophy, supplemented by Fourier's ideas for the abolition of the division of labor and its transformation into pleasurable activity. The original institutional conception was pastoral, adopted from Owen's communal plans and materialistic determinism, with socialized means of production and comprehensive communal control of social and economic life. They substituted for Owen's equal labor-time exchange principle Cabet's principle of from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs, and estimated the duration of the transition at one to two years. Interpreting history according to Hegel's dialectic they conceived this future as the inevitable result of a revolution (voluntarily peaceful or involuntarily violent) dialectically effecting the complete rehumanization of a totally dehumanized proletariat, whose consciousness accomplishes the revolution and recovers its theretofore alienated nature.; With the subsequent formulation of the theory of historical materialism and its conception of all history as class conflict their published descriptions of the final stage became brief and vague and it was relegated to an increasingly remote future, based on varying material and social requirements which would transform human nature sometime during these increasingly lengthy transitional stages. To preserve the material accomplishments of capitalism they substituted state centralization for Owen's communalism, but began to misrepresent this for tactical political reasons, defining the state and classes solely in terms of property, state expropriation thereby abolishing the state. Retaining Cabet's principle for the final stage, they formulated a succession of contradictory principles of production and distribution within a varying number of transitional stages. These principles ranged from the equal exchange of labor time, through unequal distribution for equal labor time based on results, and finally to equal distribution for unequal labor time and results. The most egalitarian plans were the most widely publicized, the least egalitarian restricted in circulation.
机译:马克思对后资本主义未来的看法在过去的三十年间发生了重大变化。马克思和恩格斯从一开始就将未来分为经济和哲学两个阶段,最后的共产主义或社会主义阶段以及过渡阶段。最后阶段在整个过程中始终保持不变,这是费尔巴哈人类学哲学理想的实现,辅之以傅立叶废除劳动分工并将其转变为愉悦活动的思想。最初的制度构想是牧养的,是从欧文的社区计划和唯物主义决定论中采用的,具有社会化的生产资料和对社会和经济生活的全面社区控制。他们用欧文的平等劳动时间交换原则代替了Cabet的原则,即根据每个人的能力,根据每个人的需要,根据每个人的需要,估计过渡期为一到两年。根据黑格尔的辩证法解释历史,他们将这一未来视为革命(自愿和平或非自愿暴力)的必然结果,该革命辩证地实现了完全非人性化的无产阶级的完全人性化,其无意识完成了革命并恢复了其疏远的性质。随着后来历史唯物主义理论的提出及其将所有历史视为阶级冲突的概念,他们发表的关于最后阶段的描述变得简短而含糊,由于各种物质和社会要求的改变,它被放逐到越来越遥远的未来。在这些越来越漫长的过渡阶段的某个时候出现的人性。为了维护资本主义的物质成就,他们用国家集权代替了欧文的共产主义,但由于战术政治原因开始歪曲这一点,只根据财产,国家征用来界定国家和阶级,从而废除了国家。他们在最后阶段保留了Cabet的原则,在不同的过渡阶段制定了一系列相互矛盾的生产和分配原则。这些原则的范围从平等的劳动时间交换,到基于结果的平等劳动时间的不平等分配,再到平等劳动时间和结果的平等分配。平均主义的计划是被广泛宣传的,流通中受限制的平等主义最少。

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