Impacts de la fertilisation phosphatee sur la biodiversite microbienne de sols agricoles.

摘要

Phosphorus fertilization is a widespread practice in North American agriculture. Although it is generally efficient to increase yields, its use can also induce some environmental contaminations. Several management practices are considered in order to decrease this problem. Among these possibilities there is the challenging one of manipulating microbial flora, which is well known for its implication in many processes related to soil fertility.;A first experiment performed on alfalfa monocultures in semi-arid prairie conditions demonstrated that samples coming from plots that had received different doses of P fertilizer presented significant differences on their bacterial and fungal communities. AMF population remained stable between treatments.;A second experiment was conducted over three growing season of an intensive maize/soybean rotation cropping system. It aimed to determine the effect of different organic and mineral fertilizers containing equal P amount on bacterial and fungal populations. It was demonstrated that these communities varied according to the fertilizer type applied. Changes are independent from the grown crop. However, microbial populations have undergone greater variation within each growing season. DGGE approach allowed to observe changes occurring in soil microbial diversity but have only permit to identify a small proportion of organisms.;A second experiment in the latter study was performed on the same site and focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as they are organisms living in a mutualistic symbiosis with most land plants and increasing host nutrition and resistance to stresses. It led to the identification and comparison of the different AMF found in maize and soybean soil and root samples. In opposition to what was observed with bacteria and fungi previously, AMF presented a very stable diversity between the different treatments. However, some ribotypes were significantly more present in soil or roots during each growing season.;We have demonstrated in field trials that both the form of fertilizer added to soil and the applied P amounts impact microbial distribution in plots.;Finally, our whole project demonstrated that P fertilization affected microbial community structure on studied sites. Nevertheless, in each experiment, sampling time also played a substantial role in the organism distribution. Many soil parameters were also monitored and presented a seasonal variation. The sum of possible interactions between these parameters, which in some cases varied according to treatment, would thus have more impact on microbial diversity that the sole fertilization.;Key words: Microbial diversity, AMF, P fertilization, agriculture, DGGE.