¿Desarrollo sustentable? Consideraciones en torno a tres novelas costarricenses de tema medioambiental: Mamita Yunai, La loca de Gandoca y Unica mirando al mar (Spanish text, Costa Rica, Fernando Contreras Castro, Carlos Luis Fallas, Anacristina Rossi).

摘要

The goal of this dissertation is to provide an ecological analysis of the environment in three Costa Rican novels: Mamita Yunai (1941) by Carlos Luis Fallas, La loca de Gandoca (1992) by Anacristina Rossi and Unica mirando al mar (1993) by Fernando Contreras Castro. The focus of the study is to see how these novels represent an expression of the development of ecological consciousness during three distinctive periods of the twentieth-century. The study presents various perspectives of human beings in their relationship to rural and urban environments. These unequal interrelationships generate the ecological imbalance and affect the natural and anthropic systems, as well as human being. The novels under investigation do not reflect the conventional image evoked in Latin American literature of "green hell" ("infierno verde"); rather, nature is seen as the Mother, provider of everything living beings need. The criticism highlights human abuse of the environment, deforestation, contamination the hydrographic basins, indiscriminate use of agrochemicals, and air and land pollution resulting from industrial wastes dumped in land fills.; The writers denounce the unsustainable exploitation of natural resources by destroyers and conquerors of nature, who represent global interests of the industrialization. The destruction of the environment causes an ecological imbalance and, as a result, the disappearance of species, many of which have never been studied. The texts describe how the poor suffer the most in this process and ultimately are converted into "lesser people". Exploitation of the environment by alliances between the rich and corrupt political leaders destroy nature and condemn the poor. With the excuse to "modernize" they plunder the nature, and further impoverish human beings. When the poor stop being useful, they are laid off without any social guaranties. The ruined unemployed has no other alternative than to live in a land fills with the recycled garbage, nourishing himself on industrialization's discarded goods which for him are valuable and the difference between life and death.; The authors manifest their worries through their literary works, trying to awaken this awareness of the serious problem that the planet and living beings confront. Fallas, Rossi and Contreras Castro invite the reader to interpret the Earth's ecosystem as an interplanetary spaceship where the living beings are an active part of the system, and---with their writings---promulgate the need for ecological balance and sustainable environmental policies.