The cartography of commerce: The Thames School of nautical cartography and England's seventeenth century overseas expansion.

摘要

Analysis of the import/export statistics of seventeenth-century England reveals the emergence of a powerful economic engine. However, while statistics and other sources may imply, suggest, and sometimes even 'show' us the English economic awakening of the seventeenth century, few sources can demonstrate it as vividly as maps and artwork. Maps can easily throw much light onto social, economic, and political history. Few sources offer the perspective that visual aids do. A map, which is a graphic expression of perceived reality, offers important contemporary insight into the conceptions and conventions of the peoples of the past. So too do maps succinctly depict the desires and modalities of peoples. Historians can both broaden their base of sources and widen their conceptual horizons by incorporating visual components into their primary source materials. Accordingly, this dissertation uses cartographic sources to increase our understanding of seventeenth-century English overseas expansion.;By correlating the development of overseas expansion to the advance of marine technologies in the seventeenth century, we can see that the growth in the shipping industry, cartography, and English overseas interests were all interrelated, that is, all were integral to the nation's economic expansion. Specifically, by examining English cartographic evidence, particularly works by the Thames School, alongside documentation of the growth in the English maritime economy, it is possible to express graphically the emergent interrelated interests of mapping and trade in England in the seventeenth century. By combining the graphic evidence with the textual material, I contextualize, visualize, and help to better explain the interrelatedness of advances in mapping, commerce, and empire in seventeenth-century England and effectively show England's rise to hegemony through the imagery of the day. Thus, by synthesizing three distinct types of history---maritime, economic and cartographic---we can more fully express and understand, as contemporaries did, the expansion of the English beyond the Atlantic Ocean.