Globalization and migration: A comparative study of the political incorporation of Dutch Caribbean post -colonial immigrants in the Netherlands and Nikkeijin ethnic returnee immigrants in Japan.

摘要

This dissertation explores the factors that propel migrations and the determinants of immigrant political incorporation and political transnationalism in host societies within the contexts of legal migration. I examine this by focusing on Dutch Caribbean post-colonial Dutch citizens in the cases of Dutch Antillean and Aruban immigrants in the Netherlands and "ethnic returnees" in the case of Latin American Nikkeijin (Japanese descendants) immigrants in Japan. This comparison examines the determinant factors impacting the political incorporation and political transnationalism of legal immigrants who are the implied "members" of a community by virtue of their shared formal citizenship or coethnicity with the host society.;The post 1970's and 1980's market liberalization associated with globalization and state policies have produced a convergence in the use of citizenship and ethnicity in Dutch Antillean and Aruban and Latin American Nikkeijin migration to the Netherlands and Japan. In both cases, Dutch citizenship or Japanese ethnicity were used by the state as symbols of inclusion and affinity to solve an international or national crisis that required the extension of some form of membership for the appeasement of some political actors and resulted in the use of Dutch citizenship and Japanese ethnicity in unintended and intended migrations to the Dutch and Japanese metropoles. In each case, their legal residence was predicated on a temporary stay and not the increasing permanence that has become more recently apparent.;I argue structural characteristics such as regime type, state policy, mode of political incorporation, political opportunity structure, and the structure of civil society along with group characteristics including expectation of recognition, relative newness, minority size and status, language, and a "myth of return" limit the political incorporation of these communities in their host societies. I contend the economic state of the countries of origin and level of dependency on migrant remittances, the political opportunity structure in the way of formal electoral rules and party systems in home countries as well as the lack of active immigrant advocacy organizations of the respective immigrant groups in host countries along with the small size and status of these groups limit the emergence of political transnationalism.