Qing perceptions of Anti-Chinese violence in the United States: Case studies from the American West.

摘要

My thesis concerns Qing perceptions of Anti-Chinese violence in the United States. Before the Opium War, the number of overseas Chinese was ignored by the Qing government, which labeled them as "deserters" or "political conspirators". The Opium War (1839-1842) resulted in a humiliating treaty, and the opening of the Treaty ports in the 1840s quickened the process of Chinese immigration. These increases in the number of overseas Chinese immigrants led to ill-treatment and violence in the American West including the 1880 Denver Riot and the 1885 Rock Springs Chinese massacre. After an initial period of ignoring emigration and emigrants, the government of the Qing dynasty eventually adopted a policy of protecting overseas Chinese.;Key words. Late Qing, Overseas Chinese, Anti-Chinese violence, Rock Springs.