CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background information
1.2. Problem statement
1.3. Justification
1.4. Objectives of the study
1.5. Research questions
1.6. Organization of the study
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Characteristics of AMF symbiosis
2.3. Characteristics of AMF Genus (Glomus)
2.4. AMF as a bio-fertilizer
2.5. AMF and mineral nutrition
2.6. AMF and plant yield
2.7. AMF and abiotic stresses
2.7.1. Drought
2.7.2. Salinity
2.7.3. Heavy metals
2.7.4. Temperature (high and low)
2.7.5. AMF and combined abiotic stresses
CHAPTER 3 IMPROVED DROUGHT TOLERANCE BY AMF INOCULATION IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) INVOLVESPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL IMPLICATIONS.
3.1. Introduction
3.2 Material and methods
3.2.1. Experimental materials and treatment
3.2.2. Measurement of growth parameters
3.2.3. Measurement of root colonization
3.2.4. Relative water content measurements
3.2.5. Photosynthetic pigments contents and gas exchange parameters determination
3.2.6. Estimation of proline, glycine betaine, free amino acids and sugar contents
3.2.7. Estimation of total phenols content
3.2.8. Assay of antioxidant enzymes activity
3.2.9. Estimation of reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid contents
3.2.10. Determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and lipid peroxidation
3.2.11. Nitrate reductase activity determination
3.2.12. Determination of tissue nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents
3.2.13. Statistical analysis
3.3. Results
3.3.1. Effect of drought and AMF on growth, biomass and rootcolonization
3.3.2. Effect of drought and AMF on photosynthesis and chlorophyll contents
3.3.3. Effect of drought and AMF on lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide contents
3.3.4. Effect of drought and AMF on activities of antioxidant enzymes
3.3.5. Effects of drought and AMF on RWC and osmolyte contents
3.3.6 Effect of drought and AMF on total phenols content
3.3.7. Effect of drought and AMF on activity of NR and contents of nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium
3.4. Discussion
3.5. Conclusions
CHAPTER 4 AMF INOCULATION AND PHOSPHORUSSUPPLEMENTATION ALLEVIATES DROUGHT INDUCED GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC DECLINE IN (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) BY UP-REGULATING ANTIOXIDANTMETABOLISM AND OSMOLYTE ACCUMULATION
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Material and Methods
4.2.1. Experimental material, design and growth conditions
4.2.2. Plant weight and AMF root colonization measurement
4.2.3. Relative water content (RWC) measurement
4.2.4. Estimation of chlorophyll pigment contents, photosynthesis and PSII activity
4.2.5. Root activity determination
4.2.6. Contents of proline, sugar and free amino acids measurements
4.2.7. Determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2-) contents, lipid peroxidation and membrane stability index
4.2.8. Activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) estimation
4.2.9. Assay of antioxidant enzymes activity
4.2.10. Contents of glutathione and ascorbate estimation
4.2.11. Estimation of protein, total phenols and nicotine contents
4.2.12. Determination of nitrate reductase activity
4.2.13. Determination of nitrogen, Phosphorus
4.2.14. Determination of abscisic acid (ABA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) contents
4.2.15. Statistical analysis
4.3. Results
4.3.1. Drought effects on AMF colonization, growth and biomass
4.3.2. Effect of phosphorus and AMF inoculation on chlorophyll contents, carotenoids contents, photosynthesis and PSII activity
4.3.3. Effect of phosphorus and AMF inoculation on root activity
4.3.5. Effect of phosphorus and AMF inoculation on oxidative stress parameters
4.3.6. Effect of phosphorus and AMF inoculation on antioxidant defense
4.3.7. Effect of phosphorus and AMF inoculation on activity of nitrate reductase
4.3.8. Effect of phosphorus and AMF inoculation on leaf protein, nicotine and phenol contents
4.3.9. Effect of phosphorus and AMF inoculation on mineral nutrients contents
4.3.10. Effect of phosphorus and AMF inoculation on abscisic acid (ABA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) contents
4.4. Discussion
4.5. Conclusion
Chapter 5 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IMPROVES GROWTH, MINERAL NUTRIENTS, ESSENTIAL OIL AND SECONDARY METABOLISM IN TOBACCO (NICOTIANATABACUM L.) UNDER DROUGHT STRESS CONDITIONS
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Materials and methods
5.2.1. Study site and plant, fungal materials
5.2.2. Measurement and assessment of growth parameters
5.2.3. Measurement of root colonization
5.2.4. Total phenols and flavonoids contents estimation
5.2.5. Glomalin content measurement
5.2.6. Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity measurements
5.2.7. Determination of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity
5.2.8. Estimation of nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium contents
5.2.9. Measurements of leaf extract yield
5.2.10. Extraction of essential oils using solid phase micro extraction (SPME)
5.2.11. Essential oils identification
5.2.13. Statistical analysis
5.3. Results
5.3.1. Effect of drought on AMF root colonization, growth and biomass
5.3.2. Effect of AMF inoculation on total phenols and flavonoids contents
5.3.3. Effect of AMF inoculation on glomalin content
5.3.4. Effect of AMF inoculation on activties of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and lipoxygenase (LOX)
5.3.5. Effect of AMF inoculation on mineral nutrients contents
5.3.6. Effect of AMF inoculation on yield and composition analysis of essential oil contents
5.3.7. Effect of AMF inoculation on composition of Essential oil contents
5.4. Discussion
5.5. Conclusion
CHAPTER 6 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1. General conclusions
6.2. Recommendations and future perspectives
参考文献
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
致谢
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
西北农林科技大学;
