National Space Navigation Over the Past Two Decades of The 21st Century. Positive Look

摘要

Recently, the national scientific community celebrated the 130th anniversary of the birth of one of the pioneers of astronautics and rocket dynamics, the Moscow engineer Friedrich Zander (August 23, 1887 - March 28, 1933). In this regard, our review of the current state of national space travel projects will be an appropriate and timely tribute to the memory of the outstanding Soviet scientist. It is known that the development of an engineering design for a space flight with low-thrust of metal mirror belongs precisely to F. A. Zander. Indeed, this idea of space travel was for the first time expressed by him in 1910-1912 as one having scientific and engineering meaning, whereas earlier it appeared in only a few works of science fiction at the turn of the 19th / 20th century. The only exception is the similar statements made by Yu. V. Kondratyuk in 1918-1919 in his article "To Those Who Will Read to Build", published in those same years. Nevertheless, it was Zander who turned out to be the first to not only express the idea, substantiating its scientific reliability and technical feasibility, but also embodied it in 1924 in the design engineering project of a spacecraft with a reflecting mirror. He the presented the project in the form of two manuscripts, which, however, remained unpublished then. They would see the light of day only in 1961. Around the same time, the term "solar sail" appeared and took root as a successful borrowing from foreign science fiction. The main thing in Zander's work on space travel was the proposal to open the sail only after leaving the gravitational field. Naturally, this applied only to interplanetary flights. This concept once and for all saved the idea of sail from the attacks of the contemporaries who rightly reproached the proponents of the idea of starting with the help of light pressure directly from the surface of the Earth in the unreality of such a mission. The national history of Zander's ideas over the next hundred years is