REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED PEAT SWAMP ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND CONSTRUCTION OF IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM ON REDD+ SAFEGUARD

摘要

The Ramseur treaty on wetland conservation was concluded in 1971. Wetland forests in the tropics have, however, been experiencing drastic land-use change for easy access and utilization, which, together with tropical forest decline, has also been a focal point of global environmental issues. Rehabilitation of degraded wetlands has, nevertheless, hardly been attempted. LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) has been discussed as an agenda of IPCC since 2001. It is, therefore, urgently necessary to conduct research on land resource management option and local society empowerment for global-warming prevention in Southeast Asian wetlands. COP 15 of Copenhagen Agreement proposed REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (2009) and COP16 of Cancun proposed REDD+ with Safeguard (2010). Southeast Asia has the widest area of wetlands consisting of mangrove, peat swamp and freshwater swamp forests, with a distribution of 28.3 million hectares compared with 3.5 million ha in Africa and 5.2 million ha in Latin America (Page et al. 2010). Indonesia is ranked as the fifth country for highest emission of GHG including peat fire according to President Yudoyono. Therefore, this paper will be discussing on the REDD+ safeguard related to PES (Payment for Ecosystem Services). The Cancun Agreement reached a resolution on December 11 in Cancun, Mexico, during the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference putting emphasis on the way forward towards greenhouse gas emissions reduction and to help developing nations in protecting themselves from climate impacts and build their own sustainable future. When undertaking activities with reference to paragraph 70 of this decision, safeguards should be promoted and supported. Action has to complement or are consistent with the objectives of national forest programs and relevant international conventions and agreements. Therefore, this paper will discuss on the safeguards as follows; (1) Transparent and effective national forest governance structure, taking into account national legislation and sovereignty. (2) Respect for the knowledge and rights of indigenous peoples and members of local communities, by taking into account relevant international obligations, national circumstances and laws, and noting that the United Nations General Assembly has adopted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (3) The full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders, in particular, indigenous peoples and local communities, in actions with reference to paragraph 70 and 72 of this decision. (4) Actions are consistent with the conservation of natural forests and biological diversity, ensuring that actions with reference to paragraph 70 of this decision are not used for the conversion of natural forests, but are instead used to incentivize the protection and conservation of natural forests and their ecosystem services, and enhance other social and environmental benefits (5) Actions to address the risks of reversals.