Integrating individual travel desires in transport planning: What is too far and what is too close?

摘要

There has been a large amount of research over the last decade that has explored the relationship between travel behaviour and urban form, and how land use char-acteristics may influence individual travel behaviours (e.g. Banister, 1992; Cervero and Kockelman, 1997; Ewing, 1995; Frank and Pivo, 1994; Naess and Sandberg, 1996; Newman and Kenworthy, 1989; Schwanen et al., 2004; Susilo and Axhausen, 2007). For example, a general consensus among researchers is that the 'right' urban design can stimulate the use of public transport, resulting in a reduction of car use. There is a vast amount of empirical evidence which points to car use being lower in traditional-style neighbourhoods, which are often characterized by higher density and a mixture of land use. Accessibility is often better in this type of neighbourhood with more pedestrian-oriented design features which encourage greater use of non-motorized modes (e.g. Snellen et al., 2002; Handy et al., 2005; Williams, 2005; Susilo and Maat, 2007). Some other studies have also shown that providing activity locations close to residential locations is likely to reduce travel time of residents and encourage non-motorized transport (Kenworthy and Laube, 1999; Naess, 2006). Based on these notions and empirical evidence the calls for integrating land use and transport planning (as discussed in Chapter 3 in this volume) are made.