Conclusions: In this work, multiple adjuvants were demonstrated to enhance expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine secretion from both aged and young mice. While the antibody titers in aged mice were lower in comparison to young mice, these titers were greater than control animals immunized with an inactivated virus vaccine. Furthermore, mice immunized with the nanovaccines formulation demonstrated less weight loss post-challenge. Together, these data demonstrate the potential of nanovaccines to overcome age-related immune defects and enhance vaccine efficacy.
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