Effects of Selfishness on the Energy Consumption in Opportunistic Networks: A Performance Assessment

摘要

Opportunistic Networks (OppNets) enable communication in highly stressed environments with intermittent connectivity and are categorized by long and variable delays as well as high error rates. The majority of Opportunistic Network routing protocols tend to spread multiple copies of the same message into the network. This process is conditioned by the existence of sufficient buffer capacity and energy in nodes. This paper focuses on the problem of some nodes making no contribution to the network. Selfish nodes consume network resources, reducing its availability and performance, therefore they constitute a real challenge that should be considered. However, most recent Opportunistic Network studies give little consideration to the impact of selfishness on the energy consumption related to Opportunistic Network routing protocols in mobile context. The remaining energy in the node can play a crucial role in its willingness to cooperate in the network. This study includes some new routing protocols such as DLife, SPRAY&FOCUS, PROPHET v2 among others. Our simulations show clearly that SPRAY&WAIT, SPRAY&FOCUS, and DLife protocols consume less energy in cooperative environment and also in selfish environment for the three movement models considered in this study: Random Walk, Random Waypoint, and Cluster model. Moreover, in the EPIDEMIC-like group, our results show that nodes consume energy faster than other routing protocols in both environment (cooperative and selfish).