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Environmental and Social Constraints to Mineral Mining Projects – Finding the Key to Unlock the Resource

机译:矿产开采项目的环境和社会限制–寻找释放资源的钥匙

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This paper presents an overview of recent developments in the Environmental Impact Assessmentrn(EIA) process to provide the background for a more detailed analysis of environmental and socialrnconstraints that the Heavy Mineral Mining industry has encountered over the past decade. Fourrncases studies are reviewed to provide a context for further analysis and identifi cation of crossrncutting environmental and social issues that either resulted in the projects not proceeding, or inrnthe Australian case study, places existing operations under signifi cant pressure from anti-miningrnlobbyists. The Xolobeni project, from the Eastern Cape in South Africa, is presented as the primaryrncase study because it is recent, topical, and accessible; and raised numerous issues related tornmining in a sensitive environment. A proposal to mine an area adjacent to the Okefenokee swampsrnin 1997 was also met with strong opposition from various environmental groups in Georgia, USA.rnThis case study is briefl y reviewed to further understand what ultimately resulted in the project notrnproceeding. Opposition to mining at North Stradbroke Island is reviewed to identify current issuesrnmore applicable to a developed country. A further review of a strategic assessment undertaken atrnWavecrest, Eastern Cape, South Africa is provided in support of possible solutions to the challengesrnidentifi ed in the case studies. Important common themes were identifi ed, including in some casesrnunfortunate timing of the environmental studies, but in all cases opposition was due to ecologicalrnsensitivity, landscape quality and sense of place. In one case study limitations to the EIA processrnincluded inadequate detail in the specialist investigations and insuffi cient information on mitigation.rnIn all cases public participation was a limitation. It was either insuffi cient; fl awed through possiblernbias; too ‘top down’ and required engagement with mobilised, motivated lobbyists. There was alsorninsuffi cient investigation of social impacts, particularly amongst rural communities directly affectedrnby a project. Generally alternatives were inadequately considered, a recognised limitation of projectrnlevel EIA. It is concluded that the EIA process should be started as early as possible (at prefeasibility),rnand that investigations should be expanded from a typical fatal flaw assessment to one that appliesrnmethodologies used in strategic assessment. In particular, opportunities and constraints of thernnatural and social environment should be assessed in the context of the mining option as well as otherrnoptions, to allow for a more meaningful assessment of alternatives. Public participation must formrnan important part of this initial study, despite the potential risks associated with public engagementrnat an early stage in the project. The application of the IFC Performance Standards; and expandingrnthe scope of the EIA into an environmental, social and health impact assessment will lead to a morernrigorous procedure, and result in more defensible products which could successfully unlock the keyrnto the resources in these sensitive areas.
机译:本文概述了环境影响评估(EIA)过程的最新发展,为更详细地分析重矿开采行业在过去十年中遇到的环境和社会限制提供了背景。审查了四个案例研究,为进一步分析和确定造成环境问题和社会问题的环境提供了背景,这些问题可能导致项目无法继续进行,或者导致澳大利亚的案例研究使现有的运营受到来自反排雷专家的巨大压力。来自南非东开普省的Xolobeni项目被认为是主要案例研究,因为它是最新的,主题性的并且可以访问的。并提出了许多与敏感环境中的地雷有关的问题。 1997年在Okefenokee沼泽附近开采矿山的提议也遭到了美国佐治亚州各个环境团体的强烈反对。对本案例研究进行了简要回顾,以进一步了解最终导致项目未进行的原因。对北斯特拉布罗克岛的采矿反对派进行了审查,以确定当前的问题,这些问题更适用于发达国家。提供了对南非东开普韦弗雷斯特(Wavecrest)进行的战略评估的进一步评估,以支持针对案例研究中确定的挑战的可能解决方案。确定了重要的共同主题,包括在某些情况下不幸的环境研究时机,但在所有情况下,反对意见归因于生态敏感性,景观质量和位置感。在一个案例研究中,对环境影响评估程序的限制包括专家调查中的细节不足和缓解信息不足。在所有情况下,公众参与都是一种限制。这要么不够,要么不够。飞过可能的偏斜;太“自上而下”,需要与动员,积极进取的游说者互动。还没有对社会影响进行充分的调查,特别是在直接受项目影响的农村社区中。通常没有充分考虑替代方案,这是项目级环境影响评估的公认局限。结论是,应该尽早开始EIA程序(在可行的情况下),并且应将调查范围从典型的致命缺陷评估扩展到应用战略评估中使用的方法。特别是,应当在采矿选择以及其他选择的背景下评估自然和社会环境的机会和制约因素,以便对替代品进行更有意义的评估。尽管在项目的早期阶段与公众参与有关的潜在风险,但公众参与仍必须是该初步研究的重要组成部分。国际金融公司绩效标准的应用;并将环境影响评估的范围扩大到环境,社会和健康影响评估中,将导致程序更加严格,并产生更具防御性的产品,可以成功地释放这些敏感地区的资源。

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