Hybrid heterodimer, -trimer, and -oligomer nanoparticles, which contain two or more domains connected through a solid-state interface, are of interest for catalysis, medicine, biodiagnostics, and electronics. For example, the spatially distinct surfaces in M-Fe3O4 (M = Au, Pt, Pd) heterodimer nanoparticles have been chemically derivatized with complementary ligands and used as target-specific drug-delivery vehicles and dual-imaging biological probes. Synergistic effects such as electron transfer and spin exchange can be mediated by nanoscale heterojunctions in hybrid nanocrystals, giving rise to properties that have been exploited in advanced catalysts, exchange-coupled magnets, magneto-optics, electronics and solar conversion devices.
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