This paper summarizes standard methods for estimating ontogenetic ages of individual proboscideans and alternative approaches to presenting the data. Age (a.k.a. mortality) profiling of multiple-mammoth assemblages can provide information about possible causes of death, population health, and other ecologically significant topics, even when the assemblages have been time-averaged. However, caution must be exercised in how the age profiles are calculated and interpreted, to avoid potential misdirection or error. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
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