Becoming a New Farmer: Agrarianism and the Contradictions of Diverse Economies*

摘要

A resurgence of agrarianism has motivated new farmers to enter farming, not for profit, but for lifestyle and socio-ecological values which are frequently associated with diverse economies. Proponents of diverse economies argue for an ontological reframing that accounts for non-capitalist forms of economic exchange. However, these perspectives have not fully addressed the conditions-often structured by race and class-that facilitate participation in diverse economies. This paper is based on mixed-methods research on the life cycle of new farmers in Hawai'i that include participants of farmer training programs. We investigate what drives new farmers into farming, by what mechanisms they are able (or not) to establish a farm, and what limits the duration of their participation. Our analysis reveals three contradictions of diverse economies in agriculture: (1) the inadvertent undervaluation of farmwork that undermines broader efforts to improve the welfare of farm labor; (2) the tension between the value of scaling up and the vulnerability of cooptation; and (3) the ways in which the duration of new farmers' engagement is structured by their ability to mobilize unpaid labor and external resources. These contradictions challenge long-term and inclusive participation in diverse economies in ways that constrain their emancipatory potential.